A/80/496 negotiations and peacebuilding processes and mechanisms could be a powerful tool in preventing such relapses. 36. Another vital consideration in preventing the relapse into conflicts is ensuring truth, accountability and reparation for human rights violations. Effective peace and reconciliation require truth and accountability for human rights violations that have taken place during the outbreak and escalation of conflict, including violations of the prohibition of racial discrimination. Transitional justice processes and mechanisms, including judicial and non-judicial processes, can play an indispensable role in t his respect. Transitional justice processes and mechanisms focus on the investigation, prosecution and remedy of past human rights violations, including in conflict situations. They can also include efforts to reform institutions and memorialize historical events and cultural initiatives. The Special Rapporteur stresses the importance of the consistent integration of analysis of the racial and ethnic dimensions of conflict and equality, non-discrimination and racial justice standards into transitional justice processes. 37. Addressing conflict-related human rights violations in a lasting manner and remedying impunity also requires a systemic approach that acknowledges, addresses and remediates colonialism, enslavement and apartheid as grave human rights violations and major drivers of conflict. As was articulated in one of the submissions received by the Special Rapporteur, “sustainable peace is not possible without addressing the entrenched systems of racial inequality and colonial domination that often underpin modern conflicts”. 60 In this respect, the Special Rapporteur welcomes the joining up of work on anti-racism and transitional justice and calls for reparatory justice within the work of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the racial justice and human rights mechanisms. 61 For example, the High Commissioner’s agenda towards transformative change for racial justice and equality contains calls for comprehensive processes to halt, reverse and repair the lasting consequences and ongoing manifestations of the legacies of enslave ment, the transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans and colonialism. 62 The Special Rapporteur stresses the importance of the broader mainstreaming of reparatory justice approaches, which acknowledge, address and remedy colonialism, enslavement and apartheid, into the conflict prevention and resolution work of States, the Uni ted Nations and other multilateral actors. IV. Applicable international legal framework 38. Equality and non-discrimination and the maintenance of international peace and security are both embedded within the Charter of the United Nations and central to the rationale and objectives of the United Nations. International human rights and humanitarian law have further elaborated on and enshrined the relevant obligations of States and other actors in ensuring equality, non-discrimination, peace and security. International human rights law and international humanitarian law have a symbiotic relationship and are both important to conflict and racial discrimination. International human rights law plays an important role in preventing armed conflict, given that respect for such standards often prevents violence. International humanitarian law starts to apply in situations of international and non-international armed conflict. The Special Rapporteur stresses the concurrent applicability of international humanitarian __________________ 60 61 62 14/21 Submission from Baku Initiative. See for example, A/HRC/60/72, A/HRC/60/77 and A/74/321. See A/HRC/47/53. 25-16958