A/80/496 racism and demonstrate bias against non-white migrants, including refugees and asylum-seekers. 56 This includes countries in the global North that have benefited the most from colonialism and enslavement. Such countries often continue to display indifference to the plight of non-white refugees and asylum-seekers, notwithstanding relevant obligations under international law, including the principle of non-refoulement, and the legacies of colonialism and enslavement being a powerful cause of conflict and, therefore, a causal factor in the global displacement crisis. The rise, in many countries, of nationalist and xenophobic movements, which propagate anti-immigrant and racist rhetoric, has exacerbated these challenges. 57 This indifference not only exacerbates the suffering of those from marginalized racial and ethnic groups, including caste-oppressed and similar marginalized communities displaced by conflict, but also places significant responsibility on countries in the global South. An estimated 87 per cent of those displaced by conflict are hosted in low - and middleincome countries, often by communities facing socioeconomic challenges. 58 This situation reflects racialized inequalities between countries in the global North and global South and contributes to the exacerbation of such inequalities. Peace, reconciliation and justice 34. It is very important that the interconnectedness of conflict and racial discrimination be addressed within peace, reconciliation and transitional justice processes. Once mediation to resolve conflicts has begun, the adequate representation of those from affected racial and ethnic groups, including those with experiences of intersectional discrimination, in particular women, is extremely important. The importance of the representativeness of mediation and peace processes has been recognized by international entities, including the Security Council. 59 The Special Rapporteur welcomes this recognition but notices a concerning trend whereby calls for the representativeness of mediation and peace processes tend not to be explicitly articulated in terms of ensuring racially and ethnically equitable represen tation or consideration of the experiences of those who faced intersectional discrimination. This could lead to gaps in terms of racial and ethnic representation and the absence of the integration of an intersectional approach to conflict resolution and peacebuilding. This risks the perpetuation of racial hierarchies and correlative privilege within peace processes, which will undermine their legitimacy and effectiveness. 35. Moreover, representativeness is not in itself sufficient to ensure genuine dialogue and meaningful resolution of racial and ethnic tensions and violations of the prohibition of racial discrimination that contributed to the outbreak and escalation of conflict. The voices of those from marginalized racial and ethnic groups and historically oppressed groups must be listened to and racial discrimination considerations must be effectively addressed. Ignoring or sidelining dialogue about the manifestations of racial and ethnic hatred and systemic racism that underline conflict within peace negotiations will lead to fragile deals that undermine the longerterm consolidation and building of peace. Many violent conflicts that reached various stages of peace, reconciliation and transitional justice have relapsed into conflict. As recognized within the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, equality and non-discrimination are central to post-conflict reconciliation. The effective mainstreaming of anti-racial discrimination standards and considerations into peace __________________ 56 57 58 59 25-16958 See A/HRC/38/52. Submission from Instituto Decodifica. See www.ifc.org/en/what-we-do/sector-expertise/fragile-and-conflict-affected-situations/forceddisplacement. See, for example, Security Council resolution 1325 (2000). 13/21