document determined the demarcation of lands traditionally occupied by them, as well as the preservation of the environment and biological diversity for the current and futre generations. During the 1990s, the State took measures especially regarding the demarcation of the indigenous lands by responding to their claims. During this period indigenous people have actively participated in the process of the demarcation of their lands. Currently, the challenge of the Brazilian indigenous policy is to ensure the full protection of indigenous territories and to promote social policies in the educational, health, and development sectors, in accordance with the own way of life of indigenous people and according to their aspirations. Likewise, one of the Brazilian challenges is the participation of indigenous peoples in public administrative bodies in charge of the protection of their rights and interests. Necessarily, the State must restructure to guarantee that different cultural groups can exercise their full citizenship. This implies a continuity in legislative changes, the strengthening of public institutions and of indigenous peoples. Human rights for indigenous people are under construction. This is part of a process that shows that, for historic reasons, they have not been reached by the universalization of the rights, unlike in other sectors. Facing these new challenges, the President of the Republic, Luis Inácio Lula da Silva, in accordance with Convention 169 of the International Office of Labor, established the National Commission on Indigenous Policy (CNPI) on 22 March 2006. The commission is integrated in the structure of the Ministry of Justice, it has a joint nature and is composed of 20 indigenous representatives, 2 representatives of indigenous NGOs, 13 members of governmental bodies, and 3 permanent guests – the Federal Public Ministry, the Office of the Attorney General and the Special Secretariat for the policies aiming to promote racial equality. The CNPI usually meets every two months in Brasília, or in the regions indicated by the indigenous advisors. The CNPI is competent to: 1. Propose directives, instruments, norms and priorities of the national indigenous policy, as well as monitoring and evaluation strategies of actions developed by organisms of the federal government linked to the indigenous sector; 2. Articulate and support different organs and structures responsible for the implementation of actions directed at indigenous populations; 3. Propose the updating of legislation and follow the process of propositions, as well as other parliamentary activities linked to the indigenous policy; 4. Encourage the participation of indigenous peoples in the formulation and implementation of the indigenous policy of the federal Government. The CNPI represents an important step in the relation between the State and indigenous peoples, enabling dialogue, cooperation and mutual respect. In June 2008,