A/HRC/44/57/Add.2 with the prison in Vught, where intercultural sensitivity training and ethnic and religious diversity among staff seem not to be a priority. Without appropriate training and without promoting staff diversity, ethnic, religious and cultural stereotypes, as well as implicit biases and prejudices, can result in unnecessary misunderstandings between staff and detainees and harsh disciplinary measures. 66. Of concern at the Rotterdam immigration detention centre was the continued use of solitary confinement as a frequent disciplinary measure for those in administrative detention.53 Although called “isolation” or “separation” by the authorities, isolation in excess of 22 hours without human contact qualifies as solitary confinement.54 The Special Rapporteur is concerned that the repeated use of solitary confinement harms detainees’ physical and mental health. Solitary confinement is also a practice in units holding individuals detained for terrorism-related offences. Prisoners in these units are often confined for 19–22 hours a day without contact with others.55 They are also subjected to full body searches and extensive audio, video and physical surveillance. 56 Subjecting detainees to such invasive and inhuman treatment is incompatible with detainees’ rights to dignity, privacy, life and freedom from cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. The authorities must discontinue the use of prolonged solitary confinement and ensure that their high-security carceral measures comply with international human rights standards. 67. The analysis above refers only to the European territories of the Netherlands, not to the special municipalities in the Caribbean nor the constituent countries of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. The Special Rapporteur reiterates, however, the concerns raised by human rights bodies regarding the poor conditions of detention and prison facilities in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.57 Of particular concern are the police stations at Point Blanche and the Philipsburg in Sint Maarten, the correctional institution in Aruba and block 1 of the Centre for Correction and Detention in Curaçao. 58 G. Employment 68. As confirmed by several studies and government statistics, racial and ethnic minorities in the Netherlands experience discrimination, inequality and exclusion in the enjoyment of their economic, social and cultural rights. 69. The Government has adopted action plans and programmes that aim to combat discrimination in the labour market. In 2018, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment launched a programme to improve the labour market integration of migrants.59 The programme works in tandem with the labour market discrimination action plan. Nevertheless, the unemployment rate of migrants remains two and half times higher than that of other Netherlanders.60 Furthermore, individuals considered to be of a secondgeneration, non-Western migration background generally face an even higher unemployment rate, despite superior educational qualifications compared with individuals of a first-generation, non-Western migration background.61 70. Further inequality in labour can be seen in earnings and in the distribution of “marginal” jobs (defined as jobs requiring a commitment of fewer than 20 hours/week). 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 14 Submission by the Immigration Detention Hotline (Meldpunt Vreemdelingendetentie), December 2019. See www.amnesty.nl/content/uploads/2017/05/EUR3554622016ENGLISH.pdf?x54649. See www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/10/anti-terror-prisons-breach-human-rights-innetherlands/. Ibid. CERD/C/NLD/CO/19-21, CAT/C/NLD/CO/7 and CCPR/C/NLD/CO/5. CAT/C/NLD/CO/7. See www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/brochures/2019/11/12/folder-programma-verdere-integratieop-de-arbeidsmarkt (in Dutch). See www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/publicaties/2018/11/16/factsheet-de-integratievan-groepen-met-een-migratieachtergrond-2018 (in Dutch). See www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/32/unemployment-down-among-non-western-migrant-group.