A/74/149 resources, have been observed and raised in the mandate holder ’s mission reports to the countries in the region. 43 51. Several constitutions in the region set the legal framework for advanced models of territorial autonomy, as they provide for the exercise of autonomy within the demarcated territories of the indigenous communities. Panama was the fir st Latin American country to acknowledge the rights to collective ownership of lands and the political and administrative autonomy of indigenous peoples through the creation of indigenous regions. Five indigenous regions have been recognized through corresponding laws since 1938. Within the regions, indigenous peoples enjoy their rights to collective property of their lands and high levels of self -government, including the election of their own authorities and control over their internal affairs. They also enjoy formal control over non-renewable natural resources, although not always to an effective degree. 44 52. In Colombia, the 1991 Constitution includes a recognition of the multicultural and multi-ethnic reality of the country, together with a set of rights of indigenous peoples, including the election of two indigenous representatives to the Senate and the exercise of self-government and indigenous justice inside their recognized territories. The Constitution provides that indigenous territorial entities may be established and will receive State resources in order to exercise their autonomous functions. Owing to the lack of development of the legal framework necessary to create such entities, reserves have remained the recognized indigenous autonomous territories. About 719 reserves have been constituted, although progress in land titling and title clearing is slow. 45 The channelling of national funds through municipalities also has a negative impact on the decision-making authority of the indigenous communities. 46 53. In Nicaragua, the 1987 Constitution includes a recognition of the ethnic communities and indigenous peoples of the Atlantic coast and their rights to their own ways of social organization and to the free election of their authorities and representatives. That same year, an autonomous administrative structure was established for the region through the adoption of the Autonomy Statute for the Atlantic Coast Regions (Act No. 28). A decade later, Act No. 445 (2008) provided for the development of aspects of collective land tenure and communal authorities. 47 Inside the autonomous regions, three layers of government exist: communal authorities, territorial councils (made up of communal authorities in the same territorial unit) and the autonomous regional governments. The autonomous regional governments receive funding through the regular national budget and coordinate their competencies with the central Government through the relevant institutions. Indigenous communities within the autonomous regions continue to face a lack of __________________ 43 44 45 46 47 19-11889 A/72/186, paras. 27–31; Fund for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean, Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas: Marcos Jurídicos e Institucionales en los Estados Miembros del FILAC (La Paz, January 2019); José Aylwin, “Los derechos de los pueblos indígenas en América Latina: avances jurídicos y brechas de implementación ”, in Jane Felipe Beltrão and others, Derechos humanos de los grupos vulnerables (Barcelona, Red de Derechos Humanos y Educación Superior, 2014). A/HRC/27/52/Add.1. See the website of the National Commission for Indigenous Territories, available at http://cntindigena.org. For information on the lack of progress made in the implementation of the constitutional and legal obligations, see A/HRC/15/37/Add.3, E/CN.4/2005/88/Add.2 and E/C.19/2011/3. Fund for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean, Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas, pp. 42 and 59. 15/23