Recommendations on Policing in Multi-Ethnic Societies undertake such tasks. (See under Recommendation 16 for further explanation.) For instance, at the ethical level, there may be a greater risk of corruption linked to ethnic bonds, and thus a greater need for vigilance and action to ensure integrity. However, such ethical issues should be addressed within general codes of conduct for police, rather than by designing codes specifically for work in multi-ethnic environments. Compliance with professional standards and codes of conduct should be recognized by police managers, and should contribute favourably to progress in a police officer's career. Such progress should be based on individual assessments of performance, measured against such standards. Failure to comply with codes and standards should lead to remedial action and in serious cases of misconduct to disciplinary procedures against an officer. The role of training should be to assist police to act in accordance with these professional codes and standards. Police officers whose work demonstrates best practice should be invited to share their experience in training sessions. All of these professional support mechanisms should be applied specifically to the context of police relations with minorities. 11. It is recommended that police managers and supervisors are clearly tasked with the responsibility to ensure that their staff achieve these standards in their dealings with minorities, and should provide leadership and set examples of good practice in their own work. Training and codes of conduct are not alone sufficient to ensure that actual police practice will accord with policy and professional standards. Experience has shown that the leadership provided by senior police officers, and the management and supervision of police staff, are also vital factors. More senior officers in the hierarchy need to provide role models for their juniors, and demonstrate the required standards in their everyday work. They need to make it clear that they also expect their subordinates to act in accordance with these standards, and they need to be active in monitoring that all police conduct complies with these standards and with human rights. If privately they denigrate these policies or express negative stereotypes about minorities, or if they fail to address instances of discriminatory behaviour against minorities, then their staff will quickly infer that they are not serious in their commitment. Minorities, who have a lifetime of experience of detecting different forms of discrimination practised by majorities, will also be quick to detect when they are being treated fairly and with genuine respect, and when they are not. 23