A/HRC/55/47 to compiling peer-to-peer learning and action points at the international, regional, national and local levels.105 VI. Conclusions and recommendations 61. The Special Rapporteur reiterates the call for greater efforts to promote freedom of religion or belief, foster interfaith and intercultural dialogue and understanding, protect religious and belief minorities and combat hate speech while upholding all human rights. Hatred on the basis of religion or belief must be addressed by States in a human rights-compliant manner. Any advocacy of religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence should be prohibited by law. Political and religious leaders have a crucial role to play in speaking out firmly and promptly against intolerance and hate speech. While international norms and standards provide the framework to combat incitement to discrimination and violence, laws alone are not sufficient and States should also adopt policies and programmes to promote diversity and freedom of expression in increasingly multicultural and interconnected societies. 62. The Special Rapporteur recommends that States: (a) Collect disaggregated data, record and report on all expressions of hate speech, including those on the basis of religion or belief, on a regular basis, thus alerting authorities to instances and patterns of intolerance, discrimination and violence so that they can be addressed appropriately; (b) Take timely and robust action against discriminatory speech on the basis of religion or belief that undermines the equality of members of society; some speech raises concern “in terms of tolerance, civility and respect for the rights of others”, while unlawful forms of expression may “justify a civil suit or administrative sanctions” or, as a last resort in strictly justifiable situations, may also lead to “criminal sanctions”;106 (c) Recognize that religious hate speech that does not constitute incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence should be actively addressed through robust measures and policies but not criminalized; (d) Invest in long-term trust-building and cohesion so that State institutions and the community at large are in regular communication, allowing instances of hate speech to be raised and responded to collaboratively at the institutional and societal levels; (e) Review all legislation and policies to ensure that State policies are free of hate speech; complaints mechanisms and procedures also need to be reviewed to ensure that there is no impunity for State actors who engage in hate speech; (f) Adopt comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation to prevent and respond to hatred based on religion or belief, irrespective of whether or not such hate speech rises to incitement in accordance with article 20 (2) of the Covenant;107 (g) Develop action plans, in consultation with relevant religious or belief communities, to address the specifics of the challenge in cases where specific attention is merited, where discrimination is structurally embedded and where general provisions do not adequately deliver on eliminating discrimination; such action plans offer living instruments and road maps to effectively confront systemic barriers and deep-seated prejudices; (h) Engage in awareness-raising and capacity-building for all State actors on a regular basis; 105 106 107 GE.23-25950 See https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/religion/faithforrights/Faith-for-rightsP2Pweek2023.pdf. A/HRC/22/17/Add.4, appendix, paras. 20 and 34. Ibid., para. 26. 17