III. Elements of an integration policy framework Formulating effective policies 13. Governments should develop a strategy, policies and related action plans for integration within a reasonable timeframe, taking due account of the competences and roles of the various levels of government, as well as of other actors and stakeholders. Integration policies should make use of top-down and bottom-up approaches. Since no single policy can respond to all elements of diversity and inter-group relations, several co-ordinated responses are needed. This generally requires a comprehensive integration-policy strategy, which includes specific action plans with clearly defined objectives, measurable actions and timetables in all relevant fields, including economic, social, cultural and political. The State has the primary responsibility for establishing and guaranteeing the framework and policies to achieve the integration of society. However, policies can only be effective if all levels of authority – national, regional and local – are engaged according to their competences. Therefore, national strategies and plans setting out general principles, directions and objectives should be complemented and adequately contextualized through local and, where relevant, regional strategies and action plans. An important role is also performed by an independent and pluralistic civil society and other non-State actors. 24 Guidelines on Integration of Diverse Societies