A/HRC/41/54/Add.2 37. With respect to youth, between 2006 and 2016 the proportion of prisoners who belonged to racial and ethnic minorities rose from 25 per cent to 41 per cent. 57 Racial and ethnic minorities are generally three times more likely to be stopped and searched than Whites, and Blacks are over six times more likely to be stopped and searched than Whites. 58 38. The Lammy Review highlights that, particularly with respect to the differential treatment of racial and ethnic minorities in the criminal justice system, “there is currently no evidence-based explanation for these disparities”. 59 The findings mentioned above should not be assumed by any means to reflect proven disparate levels of criminality among racial and ethnic minorities. For example, Whites are more likely to have drugs found on their person during stops and searches, but Blacks are eight times more likely to be subject to such stops.60 There can be no question that a pervasive and officially tolerated culture of racial profiling is at work in certain police forces, and that racial and ethnic minority children and youth are among the most vulnerable. In some parts of the United Kingdom, such as Glasgow, Gypsy, Roma and Traveller children and youth are on the front lines of racial and ethnic profiling. In consultations, racial and ethnic minority communities reported a prevalence of racial and gender stereotypes, as a result of which racial and ethnic minority children – especially boys – are presumptively treated as full-grown adults with an inherently dangerous and violent nature. 39. Racial and ethnic minority offenders are overrepresented in both the adult (25 per cent) and youth (40 per cent) prison estates. 61 While there has been a reduction in the overall number of children entering the juvenile justice system for the first time, not all children have benefited equally from this reduction. Among first-time entrants from March 2006 to March 2016, the number of racial and ethnic minority children entering the youth justice system fell by 72 per cent, compared with an 86-per-cent drop for White children.62 Overrepresentation is more acute among Black, Muslim and Gypsy, Roma and Traveller youth.63 As of March 2017, racial and ethnic minority children accounted for 45 per cent (397) of imprisoned youth but for only 18 per cent of the overall national youth population.64 40. During consultations, racial and ethnic minority community representatives and civil society actors repeatedly highlighted the racialized and ruinous impact that gang-related surveillance databases across the country have had and continue to have on these communities. 65 A Manchester Metropolitan University study found significant racial disparities in the number of people prosecuted and imprisoned under the “joint enterprise” doctrine. 66 More than 75 per cent of Black, Asian and minority ethnic individuals imprisoned under that doctrine found that gang and neighbourhood narratives were used by the prosecutors during their trial, compared to only about 40 per cent of Whites. 67 The study also found that while 89 per cent of those on the Manchester Police gang list were Black or had a minority ethnic background, only 23 per cent of those convicted of serious youth 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Ibid., p. 4. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads /attachment_data/file/562977/police-powers-procedures-hosb1516.pdf, p. 25. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads /system/uploads/attachment_data/file/643001/lammy-review-final-report.pdf, p. 5. http://www.stop-watch.org/uploads/documents/The_Colour_of_Injustice.pdf, p. iv, 12–15 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads /system/uploads/attachment_data/file/643001/lammy-review-final-report.pdf, p. 3. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment _data/file/585897/youth-justice-statistics-2015-2016.pdf, p. 27. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads /system/uploads/attachment_data/file/643001/lammy-review-final-report.pdf, p. 12. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment _data/file/676072/youth_justice_statistics_2016-17.pdf, p. 26. See, e.g., www.amnesty.org.uk/files/201805/Inside%20the%20matrix.pdf?x_Q7G4ar5uHbWLAklmQ9NSuLFMzrwSyq. www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/sites/crimeandjustice.org.uk/files/Dangerous %20assocations%20Joint%20Enterprise%20gangs%20and%20racism.pdf. Ibid., p. 15. 11