A/76/434 31. With respect to manifestations of racism, the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action is an important document because it offers a structural account of racism and its role in shaping profound societal issues, including armed conflict, criminal justice, housing, employment, health care, environmental degradation and natural resource exploitation, migration and displacement, digital technologies and the Internet, and the proliferation of hate speech and ideologies of racial superiority. 29 32. In the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, the international community also took the important step of including xenophobia and conditions confronting migrants as part of the broader landscape of racism and intolerance. Specifically, it contains an acknowledgement of xenophobia as a notable manifestation of modern racism and as a direct result of displacement and inequality rooted in globalization. 30 As a result, the document serves to set human rights standards of great significance to the implementation of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and the global compact on refugees. 33. The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action further adds to the international equality framework by providing recognition for non -legal mechanisms for advancing racial equality. Economic and financial initiatives, political commitments and contributions by private actors and NGOs are all highlighte d as key parts of the Programme of Action. 31 While the international community emphasized in the document that States hold the ultimate responsibility for its implementation, it also recognized the importance of all stakeholders in addressing racism at the economic, social, political, educational and cultural levels. 32 34. The Special Rapporteur received a diverse array of civil society contributions, for which she is grateful. She notes that the diversity of the submissions illustrates one of the great strengths of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action: that its comprehensive nature allows for attention to a combination of legal, social, political, economic, educational and cultural issues as they relate to racism. 35. For example, although persons with albinism are not mentioned in the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, it is an instrument of great relevance for protecting their equality and non-discrimination rights. In its submission, the Africa Albinism Alliance noted the following: “Despite experiencing racial discrimination on the basis of colour, persons with albinism in Africa have not effectively benefited from the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and the accompanying legislative, policy, programmatic frameworks at the country level that give effect to this declaration.” The Alliance also noted that persons with albinism faced stigma, not only because of their skin colour, but also because of their age, their gender and the disabilities that are more common among people with albinism. 33 The racism experienced by persons with albinism is thus recognized in the document, not only through the singular lens of skin colour, but also by considering multiple discrimination on the basis of race and disability. In it, States, international and regional organizations, civil society and the private sector are urged to protect the human rights of persons with albinism and other individuals who experience multiple discrimination on the basis of skin colour, disability and other social categories. As such, the framework it provides is vital for structuring broadly inclusive racial justice programmes, such as those that can protect and empower persons with albinism. 36. The Global Campaign for Equal Nationality Rights and members of its coalition, as well as the Haitian Bridge Alliance, the Research Center on Issues of Koreans in __________________ 29 30 31 32 33 21-15325 Declaration, paras. 20, 25, 33, 42, 47 and 90; and Programme of Action, paras. 111 and 147. Alves, “The Durban conference against racism”, p. 977. See, for example, Programme of Action, para. 152. See, for example, Declaration, para. 116. Submission by the Africa Albinism Alliance. 11/26