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individually or jointly with other people based on their own choice, this same article also more
specifically establishes that religious education for children can be provided at mosques, during
afterschool hours for no longer than four hours a week, upon approval of the Council on
Religious Affairs and of the parents. Furthermore, according to this same article, providing
religious education in private is prohibited and shall be subject to liability. Since religious
education can only be provided at mosques, it implies that non-Muslim communities are not
authorized to have religious classes, either in public or in private. An arbitrary interpretation of
the law could prevent parents from imparting religious education to their children in private. This
would contravene international human rights standards which guarantee the liberty of parents to
ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own
convictions.
47. The Special Rapporteur expresses concern about the State’s interference in religious affairs
of the different belief communities in Turkmenistan. She would like to recall that according to
article 6 of the 1981 Declaration, the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
shall include, inter alia, the freedom to train, appoint, elect or designate by succession
appropriate leaders called for by the requirements and standards of any religion or belief and the
freedom to teach a religion or belief in places suitable for these purposes. She also would like to
refer to the Human Rights Committee’s general comment No. 22 (1993), in which it stated that
“the practice and teaching of a religion or belief includes acts integral to the conduct by religious
groups of their basic affairs, such as the freedom to choose their religious leaders priests and
teachers, the freedom to establish seminaries or religious schools and the freedom to prepare and
distribute religious texts or publications.”
G. Proselytism
48. While both article 11 of the Constitution of Turkmenistan and article 3 of the Religious
Organizations Law guarantee the right to express and disseminate views related to religion, the
Special Rapporteur noted during her mission that a number of her governmental interlocutors
seemed to equate proselytism to a form of coercion on people to convert. In this regard, she
received information about one case where members of a religious group were convoked by the
authorities in the Ahal region and were told that there had been complaints about their religious
activities. Members of this religious group were accused of extending their activities, exerting
pressure upon people as well as conducting training and propaganda. The local authorities told
them that they did not have the right to express and disseminate beliefs enshrined in the Bible,
that they may not share their religious feelings with their families and friends and as members of
the democratic society, they had to read the Bible alone. The Special Rapporteur was also
informed of other cases including believers being harassed because of them distributing religious
material in the streets.
49. The Special Rapporteur wishes to recall that peaceful sharing of one’s belief is a critical
element of the freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief, which explains its legal status in
international instruments and in the 1981 Declaration. As stated in the section on missionary
activities and propagation of one’s religion in her 2005 report to the General Assembly
(see A/60/399, paras. 59-68), missionary activity is accepted as a legitimate expression of
religion or belief and therefore enjoys the protection afforded by articles 18 and 19 of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and other relevant international instruments.
Consequently, proselytism and related missionary activities through peaceful means of