A/HRC/EMRIP/2019/2 the Gambela peoples. 25 Biofuel plantation expansion is estimated to displace some 60 million indigenous peoples in Asia. 26 26. When it comes to development projects on indigenous peoples’ land, some of the most challenging aspects relate to inadequate procedures and/or legislation to obtain their free, prior and informed consent, to provide appropriate compensation and to ensure benefit-sharing (see A/HRC/39/62). Sometimes actions contesting projects are successful, as in 2016, when Panama withdrew the Barro Blanco hydroelectric project following human rights complaints under the Clean Development Mechanism 27 with allegations of displacement and impacts on the traditional lands and cultural sites of the Ngäbe peoples (see A/HRC/36/46). 27. The extractive industries play a large part in alienating lands and limiting access to traditional territories (see A/HRC/24/41/Add.3). They may also affect the ecosystem and environment through flooding, toxic pollution, contaminating water sources and weakening flora and fauna that indigenous peoples eat or use for medicine. 28 There is evidence in Asia of the extractive industry having changed the livelihood of indigenous peoples in whole regions. In North Africa, the Amazigh have been pushed off their traditional lands because of land grabbing and exploitation of natural resources. 29 The gas pipeline running from the Bay of Bengal in Rakhine State is reported to have contributed to the displacement of the Rohingyas.30 28. The building of dams has also led to internal displacement and cross-border migration. The Sardar Sarovar Dam over the Narmada River in India, inaugurated in 2017 despite strong protests, resulted in at least 200,000 people being displaced: around 57.6 per cent of those were Adivasi peoples.31 In Borneo, 10,000 indigenous persons were displaced in 2011 by the Bakun Dam, which flooded 700 km2 of land.32 Following the collapse of a dam in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic in July 2018, 6,000 indigenous people were affected. The Mursi and Bodi riparian peoples, living in the Omo valley in Ethiopia, were considered to be the most threatened of the 200,000 peoples by dam development on the river.33 In Brazil, mining waste threatens the life of indigenous communities.34 29. Development projects are often accompanied by violence, unrest and political and social turmoil, leading to migration. An increase in violence and threats against indigenous peoples, while protecting their land, has resulted in migration. In the Philippines, the Higaonon were removed by force from their lands for palm oil cultivation (see A/HRC/24/41/Add.4, paras. 135–137). 3. Conservation and tourism development 30. Indigenous peoples, including those with legally registered traditional lands, are often displaced because of policies designed to promote conservation and the creation of national parks.35 In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Batwa of Kahuzi-Biega in South Kivu were brutally evicted without compensation in the 1970s, after which it became 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 8 Elliot Fratkin, “Ethiopia’s pastoralist policies: development, displacement and resettlement”, Nomadic Peoples, vol. 18, No. 1 (2014). Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact, “Overview of the State of Indigenous Peoples in Asia” (2014). Under the Mechanism, emission-reduction projects in developing countries can earn emission reduction credits. Documentation and Information Network for Indigenous Peoples’ Sustainability submission. Congrès Mondial Amazigh submission. Expert Mechanism seminar, Chiang Mai, Thailand, November 2018 (see para. 2). Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact submission. Ibid. Fratkin, “Ethiopia’s pastoralist policies”. www.vice.com/en_us/article/jpn84x/how-a-mining-disaster-devastated-an-indigenous-group-in-brazil and www.reuters.com/article/us-vale-sa-disaster-indigenous/indigenous-village-faces-existentialthreat-from-brazil-dam-burst-idUSKCN1PO002. International Institute for Environment and Development, Harry Jonas, Jael Makagon and Dilys Roe, discussion paper, “Conservation standards: from rights to responsibilities” (2016), available at http://pubs.iied.ord/14666IIED.