A/HRC/EMRIP/2019/2 60. Difficulties in receiving permits or visas to attend religious ceremonies or visit relatives have arisen for the Tohono O’odham, living between the United States and the State of Sonora in Mexico. Others report onerous reporting requirements to move through their traditional territory, including in the Akwesasne reserve between the United States and Canada, where First Nations are required to report to border services at the border station after they objected to border guards carrying firearms (see A/HRC/27/52/Add.2). There have also been reports of the imposition of visas on the Amazigh to move between Libya and Morocco for reasons of alleged terrorism. 74 61. The closure of international borders exacerbates problems, as for the Amazigh following the closure of the borders between Algeria and Libya and Algeria and Morocco, resulting in the separation of and inability to visit family across the borders, to sell cattle and buy medicines.75 62. Sometimes where indigenous peoples live along international borders, State interest in controlling migration is itself a cause of increased police and military presence on indigenous lands. Indigenous peoples experience pressure from States to host law enforcement and immigration authorities on their lands; are often subjected to harassment and the demand for identification in their own communities, closure of access gates to reach indigenous lands across the border and detention and violence at the hands of authorities. 76 On the other hand, indigenous land can play a significant role in “protecting” national territories on the border, in particular where State authorities are lacking: this burden is often overlooked by the State and others. 4. Specific challenges across internal borders 63. Additional problems occur for indigenous peoples in federal States. In British Columbia, Canada, the Kaska Nation spans four jurisdictions (three provinces and the federal jurisdiction) impeding their movement, in particular when it comes to traditional hunting and harvesting and their ability to self-govern. In Tarahumara in Mexico, the division across different municipalities creates conflict between indigenous peoples in two different municipalities. 77 In the Russian Federation, the political, economic and cultural rights of the Karelians in the Republic of Karelia are stipulated in the Karelian Constitution and laws, while Karelians living in the Tverskaya region have only a right to cultural autonomy. Vepsian people living in two regions of the Russian Federation can obtain pension benefits, while others in a third region are denied that opportunity. E. Unique agreements 64. Some States and indigenous peoples establish innovative means of resolving some challenges mentioned above. The Jay Treaty of 1794, in North America, recognizes special rights to cross the Canadian/United States border for Haudenosaunee and others. The Kickapoo peoples, who live in the Mexico and the United States, remain unique in their recognition by the Government of the United States as a binational indigenous community that is secured relatively free passage across the Mexico/United States border. 65. The Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona, United States, was the first tribal nation to develop and issue an enhanced tribal identification card: other tribes, such as the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, are now following suit. The tribe itself operates the federal programme. In 2017, Canada announced measures to address some Canada/United States border-crossing 74 75 76 77 Congrès Mondial Amazigh submission. Ibid. www.hcn.org/articles/indian-country-news-on-the-tohono-oodham-mexico-border-colonial-violencegoes-unpunished; www.usatoday.com/border-wall/story/tohono-oodham-nation-arizonatribe/582487001/; www.hcn.org/issues/50.5/tribal-affairs-how-the-u-s-mexico-border-has-split-thetohono-oodham. Mexico submission. 15