A/HRC/EMRIP/2019/2 IV. Challenges following migration A. Loss of cultures, languages, lands and livelihoods 45. One of the greatest challenges to both internal and cross-border migration is the uprooting of indigenous peoples from their land and the consequent loss of indigenous knowledge, the deep spiritual connection that they have with the land and their livelihoods, languages and cultures. Migration can also lead to significant health problems, including mental health and suicide, as well as drug dependency and alcohol abuse (see A/HRC/30/57). The migration of indigenous peoples also has a negative impact on the lands themselves, upon which they have lived in harmony, protecting their biological diversity, and been dependent for their livelihoods. Such uprooting also weakens their systems of self-governance and their right to self-determination and to practise their culture and language in community with other members of their group. 46. The lack of birth registration or citizenship documentation among indigenous peoples contributes to their vulnerability when migrating. It limits their access to basic public services, including health and education, and can be an obstacle to their freedom of movement, such as travel through traditional territory (see A/HRC/24/41/Add.3). There are reports of: Amazigh and Tuareg having been denied Libyan nationality; Amazigh being refused passports in Algeria;60 and the loss of nationality of the Bidoon in Kuwait.61 The Warao and Pemon peoples arriving from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in Brazil lacking identity documents complicates the process of legalizing their entry status as migrants, residents or refugees.62 The analysis of the migration of indigenous peoples is difficult owing to the absence of disaggregated data, an issue identified as a challenge in assessing the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. 63 B. Political rights 47. The migration of indigenous peoples may also have an effect on their voting rights and thus their political participation. In Kenya, the existing political system divides many communities, including the Endorois and Sengwer, into different administrative and electoral units. This diminishes their effective representation in parliament and participation in local decision-making, as they may not have the numbers to vote for leaders from their communities (see A/HRC/4/32/Add.3). C. Challenges from rural to urban settings64 48. Across the regions, indigenous peoples experience particular challenges in the move from rural to urban areas. Since 1996, the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in urban areas has increased from 73 per cent to 79 per cent.65 More 60 61 62 63 64 65 12 Congrès Mondial Amazigh submission. The National Project to Resolve the Kuwaiti Bedoon Case submission. IOM, Legal Aspects of Assisting Venezuelan Indigenous Migrants in Brazil. Guatemala submission. https://unhabitat.org/books/urban-indigenous-peoples-and-migration-a-review-of-policiesprogrammes-and-practices/. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2071.0 – Census of population and housing: reflecting Australia – stories from the Census, 2016 – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, 2016, 31 October 2017, available at www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/ 2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20Islander%20Populatio n%20Article~12.