A/74/274 most or all white students from consideration), the students ’ abilities are doubted, and racial bias is further perpetuated by outcomes consistent with racist expectations. Consequently, equal opportunity, including equal access to post -secondary education and professional training, has still not been achieved. In addition, individual decision making and policy decisions continue to reflect racial bias and the pervasive impact of social conditioning via cultural stereotype. 73. People of African descent also face barriers in obtaining employment. In its fact finding missions, the Working Group has found that p eople of African descent have significantly lower employment rates. Where countries maintain equality data disaggregated by race or origin, this finding has been supported by quantitative data. Discrimination in access to employment is a key barrier, and it is often a combination of racial, ethnic, national, religious and gender discrimination. There are copious examples of discrimination against people of African descent in the course of their application for jobs, and in many countries this has become a s tructural phenomenon. 45 For example, in France, an experiment showed that a woman with a Senegalese sounding name had only an 8.4 per cent chance of being called for a job interview, as compared to a 22.6 per cent chance for women with French-sounding names. 46 For Muslim women across Europe, discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender and religion has hindered access to the labour market, as demonstrated by curriculum vitae testing and surveys of employers. 47 In addition, the intersectional combination of racialized and gendered processes has caused overscrutiny of women of African descent in the workplace. Some black women have had experiences of discrimination owing to their hair, with some employers explicitly imposing uniform codes that define common black hairstyles as unprofessional. 48 74. The ongoing racial bias perpetuated and licensed by toxic negative stereotypes also impacts people of African descent with respect to access to housing. The individual and subjective decision-making of lenders, landlords and brokers powerfully impacts housing and stability. Everyone has a fundamental human right to housing, which ensures access to a safe, secure, habitable and affordable home with freedom from forced eviction. 49 This right must be accorded to all persons, irrespective of income or access to economic resources. However, discrimination in housing and rental markets continues unabated. In some countries, rental advertisements state that “a permanent employment contract is required” or “we don’t rent to foreigners”. In other countries, landlords reject applicants once they detect an __________________ 45 46 47 48 49 19-13272 See European Network Against Racism, “Shadow report: racism and discrimination in employment in Europe 2013–2017”, 21 March 2018. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/migrantintegration/librarydoc/enar-shadow-report-racism-discrimination-in-employment-in-europe2013-2017. See Pascal Petit, Emmanuel Duguet, Yannick L’Horty, Loïc du Parquet and Florent Sari, “Discrimination à l’embauche: les effets du genre et de l’origine se cumulent-ils systématiquement?”, Economie et Statistiques, No. 464–466, 2013. See Đermana Šeta, “Forgotten women: the impact of Islamophobia on Muslim women”, European Network Against Racism, Brussels, 2016. This problem is so pervasive in the United States that, even as some courts have upheld this form of discrimination, the New York City Commission on Human Rights recently issued a ban on discrimination on the basis of hairstyle, designed specifically to address this form of racial bias against people of African descent, and particularly in employment. See New York City Commission on Human Rights, “Legal enforcement guidance on race discrimination on the basis of hair”, February 2019. Available from https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/cchr/downloads/pdf/HairGuidance.pdf. See article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, article 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 5 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and article 14 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. 19/22