A/74/274 Manney. Officer Manney later portrayed Mr. Hamilton as hulking and muscular, saying he feared being overpowered. Twelve-year-old Tamir Rice, who was killed by a Cleveland police officer in 2014 while playing with a toy gun, was described by the officer at the scene as being 20 years old. These descriptions reflect s tereotypes of black men and children that do not comport with reality. 58. Work by psychologists Jennifer L. Eberhardt and Valerie Purdie has shown how the internal biases of law enforcement officials impact their relations with people of African descent. When police officers were asked who looked criminal, they chose more black faces than white faces. The more stereotypically black a face appeared, the more likely officers were to report that the face looked criminal. The authors conclude that “police officers imbue this physical variation with criminal meaning – that is, the ‘more black’ an individual appears, the more criminal that individual is seen to be”. 38 59. Data collected by the Washington Post on the use of lethal force by the police since 2015 show that black people, despite being 13 per cent of the United States population, accounted for 26 per cent of those that were killed by police in 2015, 24 per cent in 2016 and 23 per cent in 2017. What this overrepresentation means is simply that black people were the victims of the lethal use of force by police at a rate that is nearly twice their representation in the general population. In the first half of 2018, black people made up 20 per cent of all those killed by police under all conditions. The deadly impact of the negative stereotypes of black people can be gleaned by looking at the racial composition of the people who were unarmed when killed by the police. 60. The impact that negative stereotypes have on policing is not unique to the United States. A recent study by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) found that black men were three times more likely to be killed by police. According to CBC, caucasians represented nearly half the victims in the database, which was not surprising given that this was the largest racial group in the country. However, when considering the racial and ethnic composition of the overall population, two distinct groups were overwhelmingly overrepresented in these encounters: black and indigenous people. 61. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, data disclosed by the Metropolitan Police Service in August 2017 indicated that people of African descent and of ethnic minority background, in particular young African and Caribbean men, were twice as likely as other people to die from the use of force by police officers and the subsequent lack or insufficiency of access to appropriate health care. Despite making up just 14 per cent of the population, black, Asian and minority ethnic men and women make up 25 per cent of prisoners, while over 40 per cent of young people in custody are from black, Asian and minority ethnic backgrounds. These deaths reinforce the experiences of structural racism, overpolicing and criminalization of people of African descent globally. 62. In the United Kingdom and other countries, it has been reported that stereotypical characteristics of extraordinary strength, dangerousness and criminality have often been ascribed to people of African descent following a death in custody to demonize and blame the victim for his or her own death. The racial stereotype of the black man as big, black and dangerous, violent and volatile, when woven into police culture and practice can lead to the disproportionate and fatal use of force. A subgrou p of people who suffer double discrimination are people of African descent with mental __________________ 38 16/22 See Jennifer L. Eberhardt, Phillip Atiba Goff, Valerie J. Purdie and Paul G. Davies, “Seeing black: race, crime and visual processing”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 87, No. 6 (2004). 19-13272