A/HRC/25/58 68. Trust-building through public institutions presupposes that the State operates as a trustworthy guarantor of freedom of religion or belief for everyone. Dissolving any exclusivist arrangements in the State’s relation to religions or beliefs and overcoming all forms of instrumentalization of religion for the purposes of national identity politics serves as a precondition for providing an open, inclusive framework in which religious or belief-related pluralism can unfold freely and without discrimination. 69. Trust-building through communication implies at least three dimensions: (a) intergroup communication with the aim of replacing stereotypical perceptions and ascriptions by real experience and regular encounters with human beings belonging to different religious or belief communities; (b) outreach activities by the State towards religious communities with the purpose of establishing trustful relations and communication channels that can be used in crisis situations as part of contingency planning; and (c) the development of a public culture of open discourse in which rumours, stereotypes and misperceptions can be exposed to the test of public criticism. In all these dimensions States must take an active role in promoting respect for everyone’s freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief. 70. Against this background, the Special Rapporteur would like to formulate the following recommendations: (a) States and other stakeholders should base their policies of prevention, or response to, manifestations of collective religious hatred firmly on respect for freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief — a human right which requires a broad understanding and an inclusive implementation, in conjunction with other human rights, in particular that of freedom of expression; (b) States should develop an open constitutional and infrastructural framework to facilitate free and non-discriminatory manifestations of the existing and emerging diversity of religion and belief in the society; (c) States should actively foster the inclusion and integration of religious and other minorities as part of their responsibility to combat religious intolerance and tackle advocacy and manifestations of collective religious hatred; (d) States should implement the Rabat Plan of Action on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence. When developing strategies concerning the implementation of this plan of action, they should invite relevant stakeholders to participate, including religious communities, national human rights institutions, civil society organizations, media representatives and professionals working in education, with the purpose of joining forces and establishing an effective division of labour; (e) Policies of preventing, or reacting to, incidents of incitement to acts of discrimination, hostility or violence, should include a broad range of measures. Restrictive measures, if deemed necessary, should be the last resort and must comply with all the criteria set out in the respective international human rights standards, including in articles 18, 19 and 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. States should repeal blasphemy laws, which typically have a stifling effect on open dialogue and public discourse, often particularly affecting persons belonging to religious minorities; (f) Political and religious leaders, as well as civil society organizations, should actively support and encourage an atmosphere of religious tolerance and help to build societal resilience against manifestations of religious hatred. As stressed in the Rabat Plan of Action, they should refrain from using messages of intolerance or 19