A/HRC/54/71 directly fed policy and practice, including the police function. Thus, the persistence of police impunity for violence against people of African descent across borders, regions and development contexts reflects the transnational roots of the social construct of race and racism as mechanisms to control Black bodies. 96. The Working Group has noted that police violence against and the mass incarceration of people of African descent are not exclusively policing issues, where widespread impunity, misconduct and brutality exist within an enabling environment for racialized misconduct. To pretend otherwise is to disregard a racialized through line that consistently lowers expectations and worsens outcomes along racial lines. The operation of systemic racism across sectors reflects the historical development of interlocking systems that have exploited, rather than protected, people of African descent. States must explicitly acknowledge and state their intent to combat mass incarceration and police impunity as a mechanism to confront systemic racism and as part of reparatory justice. 97. Within the United Nations mechanisms and other entities of the United Nations system, Member States and civil society, there is a routine erasure of people of African descent as such. The racialized nature of human rights abuses and violations is often unconsidered or unacknowledged in human rights analyses relating to, for example, children, human rights defenders and migrants. This may be one manifestation of the culture of denial of systemic racism. As the Working Group has noted with concern, such erasure persists even following reporting from country visits or other engagement. Despite the efforts of the Working Group, meaningful collaboration and awarenessraising activities are constrained by a lack of resources or capacity. International, regional and national organizations, including United Nations entities, should adopt a specific mandate on people of African descent and should routinely embed analysis on the ways in which systemic racism is manifested and the legacies of the trade and trafficking in enslaved Africans inform policy and practice in their thematic or geographical areas. 98. The Working Group has actively participated in the development of international instruments and guidelines relating to the rights of people of African descent. Calls for a second International Decade for People of African Descent, with the increased engagement of civil society and Member State and multilateral support, are resounding globally. The Working Group should continue to work at the forefront of the promotion and implementation of the programme of activities for the implementation of the International Decade. 99. The Working Group calls upon all States to engage with United Nations entities and mechanisms to enhance the effective implementation of its recommendations. It encourages civil society to engage constructively with States in the implementation of the recommendations made by the Working Group following its country visits. United Nations country teams are also relevant partners for this activity. 100. The Working Group recommends that States and other duty bearers implement the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and the programme of activities for the implementation of the International Decade for People of African Descent, and take action to address the root causes and current manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, Afrophobia and related intolerance, including environmental racism, with the active participation and meaningful inclusion of people of African descent with key expertise in leadership roles at all levels. 101. The Working Group’s advocacy for reparations reflects global calls for justice and should be broadly engaged by Member States and civil society. As the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has acknowledged, no State has comprehensively accounted for the past or for the current impact of systemic racism. 71 71 20 A/HRC/47/53, para. 60. GE.23-15301