A/HRC/50/60 time, this criticism has not produced notable alternatives that actually disrupt underdevelopment and inequality. For example, experts have identified the rise of a “Wall Street Consensus”, which “reframes the (post-) Washington Consensus … in the language of the Sustainable Development Goals, and identifies global finance as a critical development partner”. 121 The Wall Street Consensus emphasizes the unlocking of financial flows to achieve the Goals and to carry out large development projects. 122 Among the relevant critiques of the Consensus is that it marshals State power to protect private financial interests from transformative climate justice demands and “Green New Deal” movements.123 More generally, credible concerns exist that the Wall Street Consensus will reinforce subordination of the “underdeveloped” nations and maintain the current inequality of the global financial system.124 82. Other challenges persist. Experts have cautioned of the expanding, dangerous overreliance on randomized control trials in the field of development, without regard for the real-world limitations and ethical concerns. 125 Additionally, overwhelming sovereign debt has perennially afflicted former colonial nations since Haiti was forced to pay $150 million in 1825 ($21 billion in 2022) for gaining its independence from colonial domination. 126 Currently, a new sovereign debt crisis is affecting the world’s poorest countries. At present, some highly-indebted countries are devoting more than 50 per cent of their national budgets to sovereign debt servicing.127 For example, Zambia defaulted on a $42.5 million Eurobond interest payment during the COVID-19 pandemic and has subsequently been pressured to undertake a strict IMF fiscal consolidation programme in exchange for an additional loan. The Jubilee Debt Campaign has warned that this arrangement would risk prioritizing payments to creditors while subjecting Zambians to fiscal austerity. 128 83. Racial justice, equality and non-discrimination require far greater transformation than is possible within the 2030 Agenda and within the current international economic order. The Special Rapporteur proposes examples of alternative approaches and development pathways that may lead to systemic disruption of the inequitable status quo. 84. First, greater recognition and engagement with alternative visions of full and equal self-determination is an essential starting point. The apocalyptic future that is all but guaranteed by the current global economic system and its effects on the environment are perhaps the most explicit signals of the urgency of radical transformation of the international order. That urgency applies equally to transforming the international economic order generally, including the international development framework. 85. South American social advocates and social movements have articulated the concept of Buen Vivir, a translation of an indigenous term that fundamentally rejects the Eurocentric orthodoxy of dominant development paradigms: “Based on indigenous ontology and cosmovision, [Buen Vivir] promises an alternative to mainstream development derived not from an anthropocentric conception but from a relationship of complementarity and reciprocity between humans and nonhumans”.129 Buen Vivir offers a different approach to organizing our lives and relationships, including with the material world, that has the potential to result in more just and equitable arrangements. The point is not that Buen Vivir 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 18 Daniela Gabor, “The Wall Street Consensus”, in Development and Change, vol. 52, No. 3 (May 2021), pp. 430–431. Ibid., p. 430. Ibid., p. 431. See Frauke Banse, Anil Shah and Ilias Alami, “The geopolitics of financialisation and development: Interview with Ilias Alami”, in Developing Economics, 19 October 2021. See Florent Bédécarrats, Isabelle Guérin and François Roubaud, eds., Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development: A Critical Perspective (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020). James Thuo Gathii, “Sovereign debt as a mode of colonial governance: Past, present and future possibilities”, in Just Money, 13 May 2022. Ibid. Ibid, see "African Development Bank Group, “African Economic Outlook 2021 From Debt Resolution to Growth: The Road Ahead for Africa”, p.78 . Graciela Vidiella and Facundo García Valverde, “Buen Vivir: A Latin American contribution to intraand intergenerational justice”, in The Oxford Handbook of Intergenerational Ethics, Stephen M. Gardiner, ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021), p. 2.