A/HRC/50/60 cooperation could be dominated by certain countries, becoming more prescriptive, conditional and based on self-interest. This tendency has already been observed in SouthSouth cooperation involving large infrastructure and energy projects driven by emerging economies in countries that are of strategic and economic importance to them”.62 34. One expert attending the consultations held by the Special Rapporteur highlighted how China has used a programme of sustainable development, namely “ecological migration”, which involves the Government-mandated resettlement of traditional pastoral peoples of the Tibetan plateau, disrupting their cultural connections to land. The social cost of resettlement primarily affects ethnic Tibetans and includes poor housing, unemployment and poor access to sanitation infrastructure.63 35. Disrupting racially discriminatory underdevelopment requires more than emerging economy-driven development. It would require new players to adopt approaches that do not reinforce racial injustice and inequality and actively promote human rights and economic and racial justice. 36. Ultimately, notwithstanding reform of the goals and some of the means of development, these changes have largely preserved processes and conditions of underdevelopment. Dominant economic paradigms continue to contribute to systemic violations of human rights,64 with devastating consequences for “underdeveloped” nations and for racially and ethnically marginalized groups and individuals. C. Marginalization of racial justice and equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 1. Combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance through the Sustainable Development Goals 37. The 2030 Agenda itself, and the Sustainable Development Goals, are in many ways marked improvements over the Millennium Development Goals. 65 The 2030 Agenda, which is ostensibly a rejection of the limited approach set out in the Millennium Development Declaration,66 was shaped by the active participation of civil society actors committed to grounding a vision of development in peoples’ lived experiences and human rights.67 As a result, the approach to development pushes beyond economic growth strategies to include human rights protections, equality and non-discrimination, environmental conservation, shared prosperity, international cooperation and global peace. The 2030 Agenda envisages “a world of universal respect for human rights and human dignity, the rule of law, justice, equality and non-discrimination; of respect for race, ethnicity and cultural diversity; and of equal opportunity …”,68 pledging that “no one must be left behind”.69 38. The 2030 Agenda calls for no distinctions on the basis of race, colour, national origin, ethnicity, birth, migration status, indigeneity or “other status” in promoting human rights and fundamental freedoms.70 It also demands humane treatment of migrants regardless of their migration status,71 the removal obstacles to self-determination for peoples under colonial or 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 10 A/73/271, para. 29. Emily Yeh, expert statement, 15 March 2022. See E/CN.4/1999/50; A/HRC/36/40, para. 3; A/HRC/38/33, para. 6 and footnote 10; A/70/301, paras. 62–64; and A/72/187, paras. 9–11, 79–80 and 85. A/65/1, annex. General Assembly resolution 55/2. See Sakiko Fukuda-Parr and Desmond McNeill, eds., “Special issue: Knowledge and politics in setting and measuring the SDGs”, in Global Policy, vol. 10, supplement No. 1 (January 2019); Macharia Kamau, Pamela Chasek and David O’Connor, Transforming multilateral diplomacy: the inside story of the Sustainable Development Goals (Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, Routledge, 2018); and Kate Donald (Centre for Economic and Social Rights), expert statement, 15 March 2022. General Assembly resolution 70/1, para. 8. Ibid., para. 26. Ibid., paras. 19 and 25. Ibid., para. 29.