A/68/283 directives concerning third-country nationals have been adopted on such issues as high-skilled labour migration and family reunification, and a draft directive on seasonal workers is being negotiated. The European Union migration policies also have an external dimension through the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility. 67. Despite the high level of integration, the individual European Union member States continue to have the jurisdiction to decide on the number of migrants they wish to admit to their territory. The European Union thus provides an interesting example of how States’ sovereignty can be maintained while at the same time engaging in significant joint governance processes in the field of migration. While there are serious issues that require improvement in the European Union, including in relation to border management and the human rights of migrants in an irregular situation, 7 European Union initiatives have led to some important advances, particularly for regular migrants. 68. While other regions have already implemented, to varying degrees, free movement zones, the European Union’s free movement for citizens of European Union member States can serve as an illustrative example for other regional organizations in terms of exploring how to enhance free movement within their region. Regional consultative processes 8 (b) 69. Unlike the European Union, which adopts binding legislation and decisions with which its member States need to comply and whose implementation is monitored by the Court of Justice of the European Union, regional consultative processes provide forums for discreet informal and non-binding dialogue and information exchange on migration-related issues. Regional consultative processes bring together representatives of States, often with some international organizations as observers. They address a wide range of issues, such as migration and development, labour migration, the social integration of migrants, smuggling and trafficking, migration and health, and trade and migration, offering States a cooperation process that excludes creating new norms or formal commitments. 70. The first regional consultative process, the Intergovernmental Consultations on Asylum, Refugee and Migration Policies in Europe, North America and Australia, was organized in 1985 and involved 17 countries. Other major regional consultative processes include the Budapest Process; the Puebla Process; the South American Conference on Migration; the Mediterranean Transit Migration Dialogue; the Bali Process; the Colombo Process; the Abu Dhabi Dialogue; the Western Mediterranean Forum; the Migration Dialogue for West Africa; the Migration Dialogue for Southern Africa; the Intergovernmental Asia-Pacific Consultations on Refugees, Displaced Persons and Migrants; and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development Regional Consultative Process on Migration. 71. Some of the regional consultative processes are driven by external actors, with funding coming from States of the global North, often channelled through IOM. IOM participates in most of the major regional consultative processes as a partner or __________________ 7 8 13-42115 Some of these questions are explored in the Special Rapporteur’s report to the Human Rights Council on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants (A/HRC/23/46). See www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/what-we-do/regional-processes-1/rcps-by-region.html. 13/26