A/70/212 or primarily on the basis of their membership in a minority. Use by the police of their power to conduct identity checks or to stop and search individuals should be based on the requirement of individualized suspicion; and the use of broader preventive powers should be strictly circumscribed. Police should be required to record the reason for stopping, questioning or searching any person and to provide the person with a copy of the record. 97. States should ensure that rules for use of force by police respect the principles of necessity and proportionality, and that intentional use of lethal force is restricted to situations where it is strictly unavoidable in order to save life. Discriminatory patterns of use of excessive or otherwise unlawful force should be independently and impartially investigated and the results should be publicized. 98. States should establish mechanisms, policies and practices for communityoriented policing which bring together police agencies and minorities to participate in the administration of justice, and to foster trust, dialogue and partnership. Rights in pre-detention and prison 99. States should assess whether minorities are disproportionately represented in pretrial detention or prison, and take concrete measures to address the root causes. 100. Conditions of detention or imprisonment, and the relevant staff, should reasonably accommodate the cultural, dietary, religious and linguistic characteristics of minority prisoners. 101. Places of detention should be subject to unannounced visits by independent bodies which include adequate representation of minorities. Judicial procedures and sentencing 102. States should ensure that minority accused receive legal assistance, including free-of-charge assistance where necessary, without discrimination. 103. States should ensure free professional translation for minority accused who are not fluent in the language used in court, and should allow those persons to use the minority language. States should further consider recognizing the right of members of minorities with significant population or historical ties, whether nationally or locally, to have the proceedings conducted in their own language. 104. Independent professional associations for judges, prosecutors and lawyers should provide guidance and training, including with respect to implicit bias and indirect discrimination; and there should be disciplinary consequences and remedial measures when discrimination against minorities is practised. 105. Discrimination against minorities in jury selection procedures should be explicitly prohibited. 106. States should ascertain whether minorities are subjected to harsher penalties in sentencing or execution of sentence, identify any role that direct or indirect discrimination plays in this regard, and take measures to eliminate it. 15-12578 25/27