A/70/212 85. Minorities should be involved in the training process, including in developing and delivering training modules. Whenever possible, training should be continuous and should target senior staff first, so as to ensure provision of leadership. 119 86. Appropriate educational programmes for law enforcement, justice system and prison staff should include material on respect for human rights, tolerance and friendship among racial, ethnic or religious groups, as well as sensitiza tion to intercultural relations 120 and the elimination of discriminatory behaviour (including informal profiling). 121 87. Promoting good inter-ethnic and interreligious relations should be required in every police code of conduct, and should be the subject of specific training for senior as well as junior police officers, to be included in both initial and in -service training. Law enforcement officials need to be trained to recognize and respond appropriately to the sensitivities of particular minorities. 122 For example, the Russian police worked together with representatives of ethnic minorities to develop police training modules covering the cultural and religious backgrounds of minority communities. 123 88. Guidance and training concerning the risks of misperception and prejudice when dealing with defendants and witnesses from minorities should be made available to judges and magistrates. 124 The National Center for State Courts of the United States of America, for instance, has prepared training materials for judges on self-identifying and avoiding implicit bias. 125 IV. Conclusions and recommendations 89. Globally, minorities face discrimination and lack of representation within the administration of criminal justice. Measures to eliminate discrimination and ensure equality before the law are more likely to be effective if undertaken with a minority rights-based approach, which includes ensuring effective participation of minorities in all aspects of the criminal justice process and administration of justice. __________________ 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 15-12578 Pamela M. Casey and others, “Helping courts address implicit bias: resources for education” (National Center for State Courts, 2012) ; and OSCE Recommendation 11 on Policing in Multi-Ethnic Societies. CERD General Recommendation 31 (2005) para. 5 (b). E.g., American Ba r Association, “Building community trust: improving cross-cultural communication in the criminal justice system”, 2009. See also Principles on Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Americas (2008), principle XX. A/HRC/24/52/Add.2 (WGPAD, visit to Panama, 2013), para. 105 (p); A/HRC/29/46 (Human Rights Council, 2015), paras. 71-72; and CERD/C/GEO/CO/4-5 (CERD, 2011). OSCE Recommendations 10 and 9 on Policing in Multi-Ethnic Societies (2006). European Dialogue, Project on Ethnic Minorities and Access to Justice in the Russian Federation, 2006 (available fromhttp://www.europeandialogue.org/reports/emaj_eng.pdf) (accessed 20 June 2015). Roger Hood, Stephen Shute, and Florence Seemungal, “Ethnic minorities in the criminal court: perception of fairness and equality of treatment”, Project report (London, Lord Chancellor’s Department, 2003). See Casey and others, “Helping Courts address implicit bias: resources for education” (Williamsburg, Virginia, National Center for State Courts, 2012).(www.ncsc.org/ibreport). See also the Benchbooks of the United Kingdom and Australia cited above; and Human Rights Council resolution 29/6 (2015), paras. 6 and 9. 23/27