PART I – WHAT IS ICERD? guarantee equality between citizens and non-citizens in the enjoyment of these rights to the extent recognised in international law.”43 CERD also notes that the rights and freedoms referred to in Article 5 and any similar rights are to be protected by a State party, while such protection can be achieved in different ways including activities of private institutions.44 2.5 Remedies for racial discrimination (Article 6) Under Article 6, States are obliged to assure everyone within their jurisdiction has: • • effective protection and remedies against any acts of racial discrimination; and the right to seek just and adequate reparation or satisfaction for any damage suffered as a result of such discrimination. However, quite often the degree of damage that acts of racial discrimination cause to a person is underestimated and claims for remedies are not taken seriously. In this regard, CERD stresses in General Recommendation No. 26 (2000) that the rights embodied in Article 6 are not necessarily secured solely by the punishment of the perpetrator and that the courts and other competent authorities should consider awarding financial compensation for material or moral damage suffered by a victim.45 2.6 Education (Article 7) Article 7 requires States to adopt immediate and effective measures, particularly in the fields of teaching, education and culture: • • to combat prejudice which lead to racial discrimination; and to promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among nations and racial or ethnic groups; Concerning States parties not paying sufficient attention to the implementation of Article 7, the Committee requests every State to submit adequate information on concrete measures taken and their effect.46 Full implementation of ICERD, and any other international instruments heavily depend on national law enforcement officials and whether they are properly informed about the obligations their State has entered into. Education as referred to in the Article 7 is not limited to school education but also includes training of law enforcement officials and other professionals such as teachers. CERD’s General Recommendation No. 13 (1993) stresses the following: “In the implementation of Article 7 of the Convention, the Committee calls upon States parties to review and improve the training of law enforcement officials so that the standards of the Convention as well as the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials (1979) are fully implemented.”47 In its General Recommendation No. 17 (1993), the Committee also recommends that States parties set up national institutions to serve the following purposes, including but not limited to: 43 CERD General Recommendation No. 30, para. 3 CERD General Recommendation No. 20, para. 5 45 CERD General Recommendation No. 26, para. 2 46 CERD General Recommendation No. 5 47 CERD General Recommendation No. 13 para. 3 44 10 ICERD & CERD: A GUIDE FOR CIVIL SOCIETY ACTORS