A/HRC/62/56 policies. The Special Rapporteur therefore reiterates that States must ensure that counterextremism, integration and national security policies are implemented in full compliance with international human rights law, including the principles of equality, non-discrimination and freedom of religion or belief. 67. These environments characterized by officially sanctioned suspicion, exclusionary rhetoric or disproportionate targeting of racialised communities may create fertile conditions for the expansion of xenophobic and far-right movements. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur underscores the importance of ensuring that efforts to prevent violent extremism are evidence-based, rights-compliant and developed in close consultation with affected communities. Neo-Nazism, counter-extremism policies and Anti-Muslim racism 68. Research suggests that certain counter-extremism policies and public security discourses in several European countries may contribute, intentionally or unintentionally, to broader climates of suspicion directed toward Muslim communities. 33 In some contexts, policies framed around countering extremism have overlapped rhetorically or symbolically with narratives advanced by so-called “counter-jihad” movements and other anti-Muslim extremist actors. 69. The Special Rapporteur further observes that available research points to the risk that policies perceived as collectively associating Muslim communities with extremism may not only undermine social cohesion and trust but may also create conditions conducive to the growth and legitimization of far-right and anti-Muslim movements. In particular, concern has been raised regarding instances in which extremist actors have presented themselves as legitimate “counter-extremism” advocates in order to target Muslims and normalize discriminatory narratives under the guise of security discourse. 34 70. Counter-terrorism and counter-extremism measures must at all times comply with international human rights law, including the principles of equality, non-discrimination and freedom of religion or belief. Policies that contribute to the stigmatization or collective suspicion of racial, ethnic or religious communities risk reinforcing exclusionary narratives and may inadvertently strengthen extremist mobilization. 71. Concerns have also been raised by civil society organizations and regional human rights actors regarding initiatives aimed at publicly identifying Muslim institutions and organizations, including through mapping projects that published detailed information concerning mosques and Muslim associations. According to information received, critics warned that such initiatives contributed to stigmatization, heightened insecurity and the normalization of anti-Muslim racism within public discourse. Concerns were also raised regarding the publication of identifying information and the potential implications for the safety and security of affected communities. Intersections between neo-Nazism and broader racism, xenophobia and related intolerance 72. The resurgence of neo-Nazi and extremist ideologies is closely linked to broader patterns of racism, xenophobia, as well as systemic and intersectional discrimination. Information received indicates a rise in hate crimes, both physical and digital, targeting refugees, migrants, religious minorities, Jews, Muslims, Asians and people of Asian descent, and Africans and persons of African descent. 33 34 Hilary Aked, Mel Jones and David Miller, Islamophobia in Europe: How Governments Are Enabling the Far-Right “Counter-Jihad” Movement (Bristol, Public Interest Investigations, 2019). Available at https://researchinformation.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/192414854/Aked_Jones_Miller_Counterjihad_report_201 9.pdf. A/HRC/53/62. 15