E/CN.4/1996/72/Add.4 page 7 Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and nationals of the Maghreb and the Middle East countries. The members of these classes have a Christian upbringing and are worried by Muslim fundamentalism. The rejection of Muslims is also a result of Middle East conflicts whenever they affect British interests to the slightest degree. Such was the case in 1991 during the Gulf war. Anti-Muslims tend to equate nationality, Islam, fundamentalism and terrorism. C. Harassment and racial violence 25. These phenomena have three sources: the activities of small, extreme right-wing groups and neo-Nazi organizations, individual behaviour and police treatment of Black communities and their members. 26. Incidents involving small, extreme right-wing groups are recorded by the police when reported by victims. There have been 7,000-8,000 racially motivated incidents per year since 1992. From 1988 to 1992, the number of such incidents increased from 4,383 to 7,734. However, many analysts believe that these statistics represent less than the real number of racist incidents since many victims of such acts do not trust the police to follow up on their complaints and therefore do not report them. In other cases, the police themselves minimize such incidents by classifying them as minor offences such as street “crime/burglary”, “juvenile crime/hooliganism” or “neighbourly dispute”. 2/ 27. The British Crime Survey, published by the Home Affairs Committee on Racial Attack Harassment, uses orally conducted surveys of individuals and questionnaires to record actual racist incidents that are qualified as such by the victims but have not necessarily been brought to the attention of the police. In 1991, using this method, approximately 130,000 racist incidents were estimated to have occurred. According to officials of the Commission for Racial Equality, the 1994 estimates are of approximately the same magnitude. 28. With regard to police behaviour, observers point out that police officers are constantly suspicious of ethnic minorities, as evidenced by the fact that members of these groups are frequently stopped and searched. According to Government statistics, one quarter of the individuals stopped by the police in the United Kingdom between 1993 and 1994 were black, despite the fact that Blacks make up only 5.5 per cent of the population. In London, nearly 42 per cent of the individuals stopped and searched between April 1993 and April 1994 were black although minorities make up only 20 per cent of the residents of that city. 3/ The Criminal Justice Act of 1994 expanded police powers, authorizing them to engage in such practices without any grounds for suspicion and making any refusal to cooperate an offence. The statistics given above “provide the first evidence that the new powers are leading to greater harassment of black and minority communities, as many predicted they would when the legislation was passing through Parliament”. 4/ 29. There is also a tendency to use excessive force during operations carried out in ethnic-minority areas in pursuing criminals or individuals suspected of being in Britain illegally. Some operations of this type have led to deaths: in 1993, immigration officers, accompanied by police, bound Joy Gardner, a young woman of Jamaican origin, with adhesive tape and attempted to forcibly remove her in order to expel her. She is reported to