A/RES/65/228 IX. Research and evaluation 21. Member States, the institutes of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme network, relevant entities of the United Nations system, other relevant international organizations, research institutes, non-governmental organizations and professional associations are urged, as appropriate: (a) To set up and strengthen mechanisms for systematic and coordinated data collection on violence against women; (b) To develop both modules and dedicated population-based surveys, including crime surveys, for assessing the nature and extent of violence against women; (c) To collect, analyse and publish data and information, including data and information disaggregated by gender, for use in carrying out needs assessments, taking decisions and developing policy in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice, in particular concerning: (i) The different forms of violence against women; the causes, risk factors and levels of severity of such violence; and the consequences and impacts of such violence, including on different population subgroups; (ii) The extent to which economic deprivation and exploitation are linked to violence against women; (iii) The patterns, trends and indicators of violence against women, women’s feelings of insecurity in the public and private spheres and factors that can reduce such feelings of insecurity; (iv) The relationship between the victim and the offender; (v) The effect of various types of interventions on the individual offender and on the reduction and elimination of violence against women as a whole; (vi) The use of weapons and of drugs, alcohol and other substances in cases of violence against women; (vii) The relationship between victimization or exposure to violence and subsequent violent activity; (viii) The relationship between the violence experienced by women and women’s vulnerability to other types of abuse; (ix) The consequences of violence on those who witness it, particularly within the family; (d) To monitor, and publish annual reports on, the number of cases of violence against women reported to the police as well as other criminal justice agencies, including arrest and clearance rates, prosecution and case disposition of the offenders and the prevalence of violence against women; in doing so, use should be made of data derived from population-based surveys. Such reports should disaggregate data by type of violence and include, for example, information on the sex of the perpetrator and his or her relationship to the victim; (e) To evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice system in meeting the needs of women subjected to violence, including with regard to the way in which the criminal justice system treats victims and witnesses of acts of violence, the use it makes of different intervention models and the degree to which it cooperates with providers of services to victims and witnesses, as well as to evaluate and assess the impact of current legislation, rules and procedures relating to violence against women; 16