- Creation of a grievance service to accompany people who face or endure discrimination, giving them administrative and legal assistance. - National human rights institutions and civil society should be legally and financially supported to effectively counter the spread of hate speech online. - The active involvement of NHRIs, NGOs, civil societies and other stakeholders including the representatives of minority groups is crucial in implementing initiatives to address hate speech. It was also noted that the empowerment of communities, especially minorities, with education and skills, is critical to addressing online and offline hate speech. - Social media platforms should consult and engage with local communities to ensure that control of hate speech does not result in a backlash; and invest in resources and expertise in local languages so as to protect the linguistic minorities against content inciting hate. - Civil society organizations working on human rights at the intersection of technology have an important role to produce empirical data, cyber forensic evidence and document hate crimes. It was also mentioned that independent oversight mechanisms should highlight violations and that pro human rights algorithms should be developed. - There is a widespread need to increase understanding of prejudice and identity to build local resilience to bias; as well as to reinforce the capacities of those who are able to speak out. It was mentioned that there is underinvestment in prevention work and a lack of recognition of the importance of front-line organisations working to counter hate-speech. - It is key to fight hate speech on an international level; the UN should lead the way by building a global strategy to monitor and collect data on hate speech. Private initiatives on the ground that have already established innovative approaches to fight online hate should be supported. 6. Concluding remarks The Special Rapporteur on minority issues expressed his satisfaction for having managed to hold the Forum online, despite the many obstacles with the format. He praised the perseverance, determination and understanding of everyone involved in making it work. He also thanked the contributions and recommendations received. The Special Rapporteur highlighted that despite the difficulties, it seemed that the Forum had managed to enhance the recognition that minorities are the chief target of hate 22