(c) Rabat Plan of Action on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence (A/HRC/22/17/Add.4, appendix); (d) Beirut Declaration on Faith for Rights and its 18 commitments (A/HRC/40/58, annexes I and II). Presentations on the topic under discussion were made by the following panellists: Dr. Tarlach McGonagle, Professor of law at the Universities of Leiden and Amsterdam; Dr. Sangyun Kim, Professor of law at the Graduate School of Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan; and Ms. Agustina Del Campo, Director, Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE), Universidad de Palermo, Buenos Aires Dr. Tarlach McGonagle, Professor of law at the Universities of Leiden and Amsterdam stated that the topic of the Forum addressed one of the most pressing and problematic free speech issues of our generation. He indicated that the manifold harms of hate speech targeting minorities via social media are well-documented and that countering those harms starts with understanding the nature and extent of the problem; and also the rules that shape the right to freedom of expression and its limits. Dr. McGonagle indicated that there is no authoritative legally binding definition of hate speech at the international level, nor a single regulatory instrument dealing with hate speech. He emphasised that the challenge is to examine and navigate different regulatory instruments at the international level and bring them together so that the nature and extent of state obligations becomes apparent. Dr. McGonagle indicated the International human rights law recognizes a limited number of types of expression that States must prohibit and made a reference to article 20 of the ICCPR, article 3 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD). He stressed importance of avoiding the use of broad, vague or catch-all terms as a basis for restricting freedom of expression; since reliance on such runs the risk of overbroad or arbitrary interpretation and implementation of relevant regulation, which in turn has a chilling effect on freedom of expression and leads to self-censorship. Dr. McGonagle provided an overview of the relevant UN standards treating with freedom of expression. The Universal Declaration is the foundation and the details are framed in articles fleshed out in articles 19, 20 and 27 of the ICCPR. There are not only Treaty standards but also political standards and important actors and mechanisms that bring these standards to life. He provided a detailed explanation on articles 19 and 20 of the ICCPR and its General Comment 34. He also referred in detail to article 27 of the ICCPR. Dr. McGonagle focused on the Rabat Plan of Action, which aims to clarify the importance and impact of articles 19 and 20. He referred to the need to make a clear 11