E/CN.4/2002/94 page 12 Transnational Organized Crime and the two supplementary protocols on trafficking and smuggling. The Special Rapporteur is also concerned at reports that State employees are suspected of being in league with the smuggling networks, and reports of the prevailing corruption in this area. 36. The Special Rapporteur considers it highly important to make an effort to block illegal migration, which not only exposes migrants to abuse during their voyage but also, because of their illegal status, affects their rights in the country of destination. Illegal migrants are more likely to face unfair exploitation, slave labour, working conditions that endanger their health, safety and mental well-being, and other violations of their rights; they find it hard to report such abuses for fear of being deported. The debt bondage of their families at home forces many migrants in the receiving countries to accept any kind of work so that they can pay off the debts. Women trapped into employment as domestic servants or forced into degrading sex work are especially vulnerable. 37. On the subject of preventing smuggling, the Special Rapporteur does not think it is possible to evade a thoroughgoing debate on how to regulate migratory flows where there is a real demand for immigrants. Effective policies are needed to prevent illegal migration, starting in the countries of origin, by providing nationals with proper documents, mounting information campaigns and enabling people to put down roots in their home countries. The Special Rapporteur does not believe that economic aid for development can by itself solve the problem of rootlessness: the countries of origin must also undertake to promote the political, social and cultural establishment and integration of their nationals. She also considers that fighting corruption is another important dimension of efforts to combat the smuggling of migrants in all countries. Trafficking in persons, especially women and children 38. The Special Rapporteur observes that few countries have managed to combat trafficking in persons successfully. She is concerned at countless reports on the traffic in female domestic servants who are treated as slaves by their employers and left without protection against sexual, physical and psychological abuse within the home. She is alarmed at the situation of the many women enslaved in the sex industry in many developed countries, who are also penalized if they are found to be there illegally despite their subjugation by international mafias. She is particularly worried to note that a large number of these women are under age. 39. Women and young people, and children in largely undeveloped countries, are particularly likely to be preyed upon by the trafficking networks. In Ecuador the Special Rapporteur was told of the existence of a network trafficking in under-age Ecuadorian girls, indigenous girls in particular, supposedly for the sex industry in Japan. She also notes with concern the alleged existence of networks trafficking eastern European women into western countries. 40. The Special Rapporteur is perturbed at the high degree of impunity associated with this phenomenon of extreme abuse on a global scale.