A/HRC/29/46 versus impermissible uses of ethnicity, race and national origin in conducting their work. Requiring that law enforcement officers have objective grounds for reasonable suspicion on the basis of a person’s behaviour rather than on the basis of their appearance is a fundamental safeguard against ethnic profiling and should be clearly established as a prerequisite before any police or immigration stop. Operational protocols, regulations and training should provide detailed and practical guidance for all law enforcement officers on how to carry out their duties in full compliance with non-discrimination standards. 73. In this connection, the Special Rapporteur calls for a limitation of the discretionary powers of law enforcement agents to reduce the risks of racial and ethnic profiling. There are several approaches to limiting discretion; they are not mutually exclusive but can be used in a complementary manner. Such strategies may include improving the quality and precision of intelligence-gathering and making sure that law enforcement agents use this information in their decision-making, increasing the supervision of law enforcement officers’ discretionary decisions, and enhancing civilians’ understanding of their rights and responsibilities in encounters with law enforcement agents and their ability to hold them accountable for their use of their powers. Similarly, civilian monitors, civil society actors and international organizations should be given the necessary access to monitor effectively the checks and controls of the different types of law enforcement agencies. 74. The Special Rapporteur reminds all stakeholders of the importance of information-sharing; information should be disseminated appropriately to the different minority communities. Moreover, law enforcement agencies should welcome and support voluntary contacts and interaction with civilians, which demonstrate commitment to transparency and community oversight. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur encourages outreach to minority communities and recommends better collaboration between law enforcement agencies and minority communities. 75. Finally, combating the use of racial and ethnic profiling by law enforcement agencies requires a multi-stakeholder approach. In this regard, the role of civil society is fundamental. The Special Rapporteur has highlighted the work of civil society actors in public education, and advocacy, including efforts to lobby for the passage of data collection and anti-profiling legislation, as well as to litigate on behalf of individuals who have been victims of these practices by law enforcement agencies. 20