A/79/160 well as forest resources. 173 Their displacement can lead to humanitarian crises. 174 In Africa, pastoralism offers sustainably produced animal products, while contributing to national and global economies. The African Union estimates that the 268 million pastoralists in Africa contribute in the range of 10 per cent to 44 per cent to the national gross domestic product (GDP) of African countries. 175 84. Education opportunities for mobile Indigenous Peoples are limited by linguistic differences, inadequate infrastructure, culturally disconnected curricula, low enrolment and poor-quality education. Geographic isolation compounds these challenges. Their mobile lifestyle is often blamed, instead of the inability or unwillingness of governments to meet their needs. 176 For example, only 50.1 per cent of Inuit living in Inuit Nunangat (Canada) have attained the high school diploma required to attend college or university. In remote locations, education programmes are few, the cost of living is high and there is a lack of housing. 177 The failure of Finland, Norway, the Russian Federation and Sweden to include information about Sami culture in education curricula has bred anti-Sami violence and racism. 178 85. Ogiek, Sengwer and Endorois school-age children face poor-quality education, a shortage of teachers, evictions from their ancestral lands, teenage pregnancies, early marriages and a lack of learning materials. Children must sometimes walk up to 30 km to attend school. Many drop out owing to the distances and dangers involved in walking to school, such as encounters with wild animals and sexual assaults. 179 86. Inuit Indigenous Peoples living in Inuit Nunangat experience employment rates of 47.9 per cent, compared with 89.9 per cent for their non-Indigenous counterparts. Barriers to employment include low education levels, insufficient training, fewer employment opportunities, family responsibilities, a lack of childcare and limited access to appropriate and affordable housing. Many Inuit are not involved in the wage economy but participate in land-based activities such as hunting, fishing and gathering, which are integral to their livelihoods, cultural identity, nutrition and food security. 180 87. The Van Gujjar pastoralists of India often lack alternative livelihood options that are compatible with their skills. Limited access to education and vocational training further hinders their ability to explore income-generating activities other than pastoralism. 181 88. In Kenya, Maasai pastoralists face challenges to their livelihoods that arise from the depletion of rangelands, poor infrastructure, inadequate marketing, processing and storage facilities, poor inspection-grading-certification, a lack of quality control, undeveloped export markets, low demand for meat, high inflation, exploitation by middlemen and increasing poverty. 182 Land privatization in the rangelands around Nairobi has allowed individual pastoralists to sell land, causing them to abandon __________________ 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 24-13045 Rainforest Foundation, “Severe human rights abuses reported in and around Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo”, May 2019. Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, “CIDH y REDESCA: Brasil debe garantizar la supervivencia del Pueblo Yanomami”, 8 February 2023. International Land Coalition submission. African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, p. 55. Submission from Canada, citing 2021 census. Permanent Forum side event on mobile Indigenous Peoples and the Dana Declaration, 19 April 2024. See also A/HRC/18/35/Add.2. Minority Rights Group and others, joint submission. Submission from Canada, citing 2021 census. Van Gujjar Tribal Yuva Sanghatan submission. Pilot Light Development Organization submission. 23/28