A/79/160 72. The implementation of military laws and policies in Egyptian Bedouin communities is resulting in arbitrary detention, torture and extrajudicial killings. 153 The Sinai Bedouins experienced mass displacement after the military allegedly destroyed their homes and lands, and travel outside of Sinai is only allowed with a permit. After thousands of Sinai Bedouins protested their displacement and the denial of return to their lands, they were arrested and tried in ad hoc military courts, without counsel or the right to appeal. Children face the brunt of the conflict, when schools are attacked or used as military bases, and are recruited by the army and militias. 154 73. The Batwa mobile Indigenous Peoples in Rwanda have not been included in the reparations and commemorations of the 1994 genocide, despite suffering significant physical and psychological harm. Batwa families lack access to government funding for genocide survivors, which provides education, health care and employment opportunities. 155 74. The Karamojong pastoralists of Uganda have experienced decades of militarized violence, resulting in widespread changes to their pastoral livelihood, including emigration, sedentarization and the loss of livestock. 156 75. The armed conflict in Colombia has increased threats against transboundary mobile Indigenous Peoples, causing food insecurity, health vulnerabilities and sexual violence. 157 Along the border of Colombia and Peru, drug traffickers are cultivating coca fields in Indigenous territories so as to avoid law enforcement. Almost half of coca plantations are located in special management zones, such as national parks, with 10 per cent in Indigenous territories. 158 Indigenous Peoples in initial contact, such as the Nükak and Hitnü, are particularly vulnerable, despite being among those that the Constitutional Court considers as being at risk of extinction. 159 D. Economic, social and cultural rights 76. Mobile Indigenous Peoples face barriers to the enjoyment of their economic and social rights when their identity and lifestyles are not recognized and respected, including their access to education, employment and health care. 160 These inequities are rooted in socioeconomic marginalization, cultural and resource alienation, environmental degradation, exclusion from political participation, and poor policy responses. 161 77. States generally centralize education and health-care facilities in towns and cities. Where there is a lack of mobile schooling and health care it is difficult or impossible for mobile Indigenous Peoples to meet their needs, especially for those living in remote areas. 162 With the expansion of cities, mobile Indigenous Peoples ’ __________________ 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 24-13045 Justice House, submission to Expert Mechanism, January 2023. Available at https://www.ohchr.org/ sites/default/files/documents/issues/indigenouspeoples/emrip/seminars/undrip/emrip -iposngos/Justice_House.pdf. Minority Rights Group and others, joint submission. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization submission. Tufts University submission. International Working Group of Indigenous Peoples in Isolation and Initial Contact submission. Secoya Indigenous Organization and others, joint submission. Constitutional Court of Colombia, Orders No. 004 of 2009, 266 of 2017 and 351 of 2019. Gilbert, Nomadic Peoples and Human Rights. Chundankuzhiyil Ulahannan Thresia and others, “The health of indigenous populations in South Asia: a critical review in a critical time”, International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Health Services, vol. 52, No. 1 (January 2022). Rahma Hassan, Karuti Kanyinga and Iben Nathan, “No option but to settle! The Community Land Act, devolution and pastoralism in Samburu County, Kenya”, Nomadic Peoples, vol. 27, No. 2 (2023); and Mafraq Youth Association Team Group submission. 21/28