CCPR/C/LVA/CO/3 discriminatory effects of the language proficiency requirement on the employment and work of minority groups (arts. 2, 26 and 27). The State party should enhance its efforts to ensure the full enjoyment of the rights in the Covenant by “non-citizen” residents and members of linguistic minorities, and further facilitate their integration into society. The State party should review the State Language Law and its application, in order to ensure that any restriction on the rights of non-Latvian speakers is reasonable, proportionate and non-discriminatory, and take measures to ensure access by non-Latvian speakers to public institutions and facilitate their communication with public authorities. The State party should also consider offering more Latvian language courses free of charge to “non-citizen” and stateless persons who wish to apply for Latvian citizenship. Trafficking in human beings 8. The Committee is concerned that trafficking in human beings persists in the State party, which also remains a country of origin for trafficking in human beings for sexual and labour exploitation, in particular of young women aged 18–25. The Committee is further concerned at insufficient identification and referral mechanisms, as evidenced by the low figures on identified and possible victims of trafficking and the slow progress in implementing measures against trafficking (arts. 3 and 8). The State party should: (a) Enhance proper identification and referral mechanisms and increase training for law enforcement officials and other professionals to improve their capacity to assist victims of trafficking; (b) Promptly, effectively and impartially investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of trafficking in human beings and other related offences; (c) Reinforce the mechanisms of support, rehabilitation, protection and redress, including the State-funded social rehabilitation services and assistance in reporting incidents of trafficking to the police, and ensure their availability to all victims of trafficking, as relevant; (d) Carry out awareness-raising campaigns on the criminal nature of trafficking in human beings. Violence against women, including domestic violence 9. The Committee is concerned about insufficient reporting and investigation by the police of cases of violence against women, including domestic violence and rape, the absence of protection measures, in particular restraining orders against perpetrators of domestic violence, and the lack of systematic assistance to the victims of such acts. The Committee also regrets the absence of specific legislation proscribing domestic violence and spousal rape (arts. 3 and 7). The State party should: (a) Consider establishing domestic violence and spousal rape as specific crimes in its Criminal Law; (b) Encourage the reporting by victims of cases of violence against women, including domestic violence and spousal rape; (c) Ensure that cases of violence against women, including domestic violence and spousal rape, are thoroughly investigated and that the perpetrators are 3