A/69/267 According to ILO estimates, there are a minimum of 53 million adult domestic workers in the world; 83 per cent of whom are women. 25 It is unknown what percentage indigenous women constitute, but the sparse data available indicates that in some countries and regions they may actually constitute the majority. These women often face deplorable working conditions, labour exploitation and human rights abuses, frequently without legal recourse to remedy. In this contex t, the Special Rapporteur notes that the Domestic Workers Convention (ILO Convention No. 189) entered into force in September 2013. The Convention aims at extending basic labour rights to domestic workers around the globe and can be a potentially important instrument for indigenous women. 70. The Special Rapporteur expresses her willingness to collaborate with ratifying countries, indigenous organizations, in particular women’s organizations, ILO and others to ensure that this instrument is better known and implemented in partnership with indigenous peoples, thereby hopefully making a concrete difference in the lives of the many indigenous domestic workers. The situation of indigenous women 71. When looking at available socioeconomic data disaggregated by ethnicity and gender, there is no doubt that indigenous women experience particular and interrelated forms of discrimination because of their indigenous identity and their gender. Gender-based discrimination is a sad reality in most countries, and it i s also found within some indigenous societies where, for example, women may not traditionally have participated in governance institutions or where girls are not encouraged to study. In short, many indigenous women still face additional gender based discrimination, which leads to disadvantages, marginalization and, in extreme cases, to violence, physical mutilation, trafficking, prostitution and restricted access to justice. On the other hand, there is ample documentation of the strong and crucial roles played by indigenous women in many areas of life, including food production, biodiversity conservation, climate change adaptation, transmission of languages, culture and knowledge, conflict resolution and peacekeeping. 72. The Special Rapporteur notes that there are still voices that tend to diminish the debate about indigenous women either by regarding their marginalization and the violation of their rights as an effect of “culture and tradition,” or by portraying a false conflict or divide between the collective rights of indigenous peoples and the individual rights of indigenous women. The Special Rapporteur strongly opposes such views and underlines the complementary and mutually reinforcing character of collective and individual rights. The fulfilment of the rights of individual indigenous men and women depends on the realization of their collective rights to self-determination, including culture, language, lands and territories. Likewise, indigenous societies must be guided by universal human rights as t hey further strengthen and develop their governance institutions, their customs and traditions, with the full participation of indigenous women. 73. In this context, the Special Rapporteur, in agreement with the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, emphasizes that both the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the International Covenant on Economic, Social __________________ 25 14-58847 Domestic Workers Across the World: Global and regional statistics and the extent of legal protection, ILO, 2013. 19/23