3. The Israeli authorities have confiscated the vast majority of Palestinian owned lands, which has left the.minority with only about 2% of the country's lands, while 93% of all lands in Israel are public lands under direct state control.The economic and spatial interests of the Palestinians in general are not represented in the central government or its powerful ministries. Although Palestinian inhabitants have the right to vote, to be elected to the Knesset (Israeli Parliament), they are outside of the governmental power and are extremely weak in the parliamentary game in Israel. 4. Israel has a hierarchical and centralized planning system for the use of land. Palestinians are extremely under represented at the level of government or at the national and district levels of planning committees. Therefore, they have almost no control over their cities' planning and economic development. 5. There are two economies in Israel: one is the well-developed, modern, Jewish economy, which continues to advance.The other is the lagging, undeveloped Arab economy, which has suffered from institutional discrimination for several decades. 6. The Palestinian minority employment rate in Israel is highly lower than that of Jews in Israel, and this rate is one of the lowest in the world. As a result, the OECD countries have confronted Israel with the important challenge of employing Arabs and closing the gaps between Arabs and Jews in Israel in the economic arena. 7. The vast, ever increasing economic gaps between Jews and Arabs in Israel, which exceed those in the OECD countries, are manifested in the following spheres a. Approximately 50% of Arab families live below the poverty line compared with about 15% of Jewish families. b. Only ,1% of the employees in the high-tech industry are Arab. 5