A/72/291 government emergency ordinance No. 31/2002. Such deeds include denying, contesting, approving, justifying or minimizing in an obvious manner, through any means, in public, the Holocaust or its effects. The Government has also noted how data on discrimination has been collected at the court level since 3 April 2015. 32. The Government noted the efforts undertaken to address hate crimes, including in training programmes for magistrates. It has underlined that training for future judges and prosecutors at the National Institute of Magistracy include s classes focused on instruments of European human rights law and on the provisions of Council of the European Union framework decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008 on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law. Practical seminars on handling hate crimes are also organized, as well as conferences with specialists from the Romanian National Council for Combating Discrimination. The Government highlighted that the Institute collaborated with the Superior Council of Magistracy in implementing a project aimed at improving access to justice for Roma citizens and members of other vulnerable groups, using data collection, centres for primary legal assistance, and awareness-raising and training of judges. Between 2014 and 2016, the Institute and the Superior Council collaborated on improving national anti -discrimination measures, with the assistance of legal professionals and civil society organizations. In 2016, two seminars on the fight against discrimination and the promotion of persons guilty of crimes against humanity and peace took place in Romania. 33. The Government highlighted the judgment rendered by the Eur opean Court of Human Rights in the case concerning M. and C. vs. Romania, in which the Court decided that the European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms had been violated when Romania had failed to properly investigate a hate crime incident. The judgment was discussed in a seminar in 2016, as well as in two other seminars on European Union law organized that same year. 34. The Government informed the Special Rapporteur about the inclusion of anti-discrimination items in primary, secondary, and upper-secondary school curricular and extra-curricular activities. The Government reported that it had cooperated with international organizations in the field of education and had trained the police extensively on combating discrimination against min ority groups. A unit to investigate hate crimes was established within the police. The Government has taken measures to better respect the dignity and fundamental rights of migrants, in accordance with national and European migration regulations, especiall y with regard to return procedures. G. Russian Federation 35. The Government has informed the Special Rapporteur that the Russian Federation pursues a consistent policy of cultivating the systematic prevention of attempts to glorify Nazism or promote Nazi ideology or other ideas or theories of racial, ethnic, religious or social supremacy or that seek to justify or that encourage racial hatred or discrimination in any form, and it is consequently taking steps to eliminate any incitement to such discrimination. It complie s strictly with its obligations to take all measures necessary to prevent Nazi and neo -Nazi organizations and movements from being formed or carrying on activities within its territory. 36. Under Act No. 114-FZ, the definition of extremist activity covers incitement to social, racial, ethnic or religious hatred; advocating exclusiveness or the superiority or inferiority of individuals on the grounds of belonging to a social, racial, ethnic, religious or linguistic group or on the grounds of their religious views; violating the rights, freedoms or legal interests of an individual or citizen based on membership 17-13411 9/21