A/72/291 comprehensive approach based on a solid legal framework, complemented by other key measures, including education and awareness-raising programmes, and victim-centred approaches, which should be further developed. Good practices such as those mentioned herein should be exchanged on a regular basis among all actors working in the field. 83. The Special Rapporteur reiterates his call to political leaders and parties to strongly condemn all messages disseminating ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination or xenophobia. Leaders should be aware of the moral authority that they represent and use it to promote tolerance and respect and refrain from forming coalitions with extremist parties of a racist or xenophobic character, taking into account the need to ensure that political and legal systems reflect the multicultural character of their societies. B. Legislative measures 84. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the information provided regarding the ratification of a range of instruments, including the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and the inclusion of the Convention in national legal and constitutional frameworks. He urges those States that have not yet done so to ratify the Convention and make the declaration under article 14 thereof, thus providing the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination with the competence to receive and consider communications from individuals or groups of individuals within its jurisdiction claiming to be victims of a violation by a State party of any of the rights set forth in the Convention. 85. The Special Rapporteur encourages States to adopt the legislation necessary to combat racism, while ensuring that the definition of racial discrimination complies with article 1 of the Convention. He calls for the updating of national anti-racism legislation in the light of the increasingly open expression of hate speech and incitement to violence against vulnerable groups. In that regard, he recalls that any legislative or constitutional measures adopted should be in conformity with the relevant international human rights standards. He also urges States to implement their obligations under article 4 of the Convention and articles 19 to 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 86. The Special Rapporteur notes with appreciation that several States have prescribed in their criminal codes that racist and xenophobic motivation constitute an aggravating circumstance, attracting heavier sanctions against not only instigators but also followers. While welcoming the information provided regarding measures taken to prevent discrimination against members of minority groups, people of African descent, Roma, migrants, refugees and asylum seekers and to ensure their integration into society, the Special Rapporteur urges States to ensure the full and effective implementation of legal, policy and institutional measures protecting those groups of individuals and recommends that States effectively guarantee to members of those groups, without discrimination of any kind, the rights to security and access to justice, adequate reparation, legal aid and appropriate information about their rights, as well as the prosecution and adequate sanction of those responsible for racist crimes against them, including the right to seek reparation for damages suffered as a result of such crimes. 18/21 17-13411