A/HRC/32/18 Registration Law, introducing a requirement for party leaders to be “full” citizens, and for party members to be “full” or “naturalized” citizens. In May 2015, the right of temporary identity certificate-holders to vote in the general election was revoked. 9. Forced labour 48. Myanmar has taken significant steps to eliminate forced labour, including by establishing a complaints mechanism and a joint action plan with the International Labour Organization (ILO). Nonetheless, credible reports indicate that, while the use of forced labour has generally declined, it persists in parts of the country where it particularly affects minority groups. 49. Reports that forced labour involving Rohingya in northern Rakhine State continue to be received. Tasks include sentry duty, building and maintenance work, and provisions of materials for such work. Victims state that they cannot refuse work out of fear of repercussions, which may include violence, arrest or detention, fines or other forms of coercion, punishment and intimidation. Forced labour has severe consequences for the mental and physical health of victims and a long-term impact on livelihoods and food security. OHCHR also received reports of forced labour imposed on Rakhine communities, including recently in the context of the conflict between the Tatmadaw and the Arakan Army. It is likely that forced labour practices are underreported in Rakhine State owing to lack of access for independent observers, lack of awareness of the ILO complaints mechanism, and fear of reprisal. 10. Trafficking in persons and migrant smuggling 50. In May 2015, the Andaman Sea crisis highlighted a pattern of human rights violations and abuses linked to irregular regional migration flows facilitated by trafficking and smuggling networks. This included unlawful confinement on boats and at land-based transit points, sexual and gender-based violence, and ill-treatment. It is estimated that some 2,000 Rohingya and Bangladeshi died at sea between 2012 and 2015. 51. Myanmar is a party to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Convention against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children of 2015. It has also signed the Bali Declaration on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime of 2016, in which the signatories pledged to tackle human trafficking in part by improving the conditions that force people to flee, including “full respect for human rights … and measures to prevent and reduce statelessness”. The second half of 2015 saw a 96 per cent reduction in boat departures from Rakhine State and Bangladesh compared with the same period in 2014. The decrease in boat departures since June 2015 can be explained by various factors, including the greater scrutiny of irregular migration by Governments in the region and the higher prices demanded by smugglers. In order to fully address irregular maritime movement originating from Rakhine State, concrete and meaningful efforts are required to address the push factors and coercive circumstances highlighted in the present report. 11. Protracted displacement and denial of an adequate standard of living 52. Four years after the outbreak of violence in 2012, almost 120,000 people, mainly Rohingya and Kaman, remain internally displaced in Rakhine State. Protracted displacement in deteriorating shelters, limited access to basic services and the inability to move freely make for particularly oppressive living conditions for those in the camps. Besides violating the right to freedom of movement, the conditions also affect the 12