understand and preferably in their language; a failure to respect religious and cultural habits, even when these comply with international human rights standards; physical and psychological abuse; enhanced searching and interview protocols; systematic classification into higher security arrangements (such as solitary confinement); and unwarranted disciplinary punishments in prison. States should put measures in place to ensure that detainees and inmates from minority communities are granted access to justice and that the reasons for their detention and imprisonment, as well as their treatment while in custody, can be challenged effectively before a court or with a national human rights institution. States should also collect disaggregated data on their prison population and, if warranted, devote resources to understand the causes of minority overrepresentation in prisons.51 States should ensure that the conditions of detention and imprisonment for persons belonging to national minorities meet the following standards: i. Detention by law-enforcement agencies States should ensure that basic standards are not lowered when persons belonging to minority communities are detained by law-enforcement agencies. Monitoring of detention facilities by independent bodies, such as national human rights institutions, civil society organizations, national preventative mechanisms and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), should be encouraged. Persons belonging to minority communities who have been arrested should be promptly informed of their rights, the reason for their arrest and the charges against them in a language they understand, and preferably in their language. They should have access to a lawyer and a doctor, and they should be allowed to notify a third party of their choice that they are being detained. A record should be kept for each person detained that includes all aspects of their detention and actions taken during custody. Questioning during detention should be conducted in accordance with the law and existing regulations, and it should be respectful of the cultural and religious habits of persons belonging to minority communities. Minority detainees should be questioned in the presence of officers from minority backgrounds where possible, and female officers should be present when minority women are questioned. When questioning persons belonging to national minorities, officers should use a language they understand or an interpreter. Standards regarding the permissible length of interrogations, rests between and breaks during interrogations, and places where are interrogations may be conducted 51 See footnote 29. The Graz Recommendations on Access to Justice and National Minorities 35