Like law-enforcement agencies, the judiciary and correctional services, enforcement agencies should reflect the diversity of the population, not least to lend additional legitimacy to the execution of decisions by courts or tribunals (see Recommendation 5). 9. States should ensure that persons belonging to national minorities held in detention or imprisoned are treated with humanity and respect for their identity. In common with all members of society, the way minorities are treated during their time in detention or in prison may have a significant impact on whether they are able to defend their rights, access justice and, where relevant, rehabilitate after they are released from prison.50 States should ensure that persons belonging to minority communities are not singled out for harsher treatment when they are detained or imprisoned. They should not be held unnecessarily in police custody or pre-trial detention for long periods of time. They should not be subjected to arbitrary or collective arrests, or torture and other inhumane treatment, including to extract confessions. States should ensure that their families are not blackmailed to secure their release, a more lenient sentence or better detention conditions, and their lawyers should not be physically assaulted, intimidated or arrested. Discriminatory and abusive behaviour shown by prison staff or other inmates towards prisoners belonging to minority communities constitutes a denial of justice too. It can also feed a deep sense of injustice among minority communities. Ill-treatment can increase alienation on the part of individuals who suffer abuse and their communities. In particular, it adds to the risk of conflict if minority communities come to believe that the State turns a blind eye to or even sanctions their mistreatment by lawenforcement agencies and correctional services. The closed environment of prisons and (to a lesser extent) police detention can amplify the discrimination and stigmatization that national minorities may already face in society at large. Minority women may be particularly at risk on account of their membership of a minority community and their gender. Generally, persons belonging to national minorities risk being subjected to one or a combination of the following while in prison or detention: worse treatment or conditions than those for other groups; an unwillingness to communicate with them in a language they 50 34 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1976), article 10.1. The Graz Recommendations on Access to Justice and National Minorities