A/HRC/42/59 54. The Working Group concludes that efforts to disrupt the colonial dynamic persist between developing and developed nations, which frequently retain a historical hegemony and drive ongoing bias and false beliefs about people of African descent. 55. Racial bias in decision-making is a particularly potent form of institutional racism. The Working Group commends important social science research that is revealing such biases. For example, compelling research demonstrates racial bias in the perception of patients’ pain and the biases that creates in health providers’ treatment recommendations and in the accuracy of medical diagnoses and treatment. Other research indicates an increased incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder, and other biological and psychological illness, as a result of chronic racial stress. 56. The Working Group concludes that the tolerance of entrenched racial disparities in health, criminal justice, education and elsewhere reflects a culture of diminished expectations linked to narratives used to justify historical patterns of exploitation and abuse of people of African descent, including enslavement, colonialism and white supremacy rhetoric. 57. Recognition of the existence of people of African descent is essential to increasing their visibility. 58. The Working Group emphasizes the importance of mapping and analysis of disaggregated data to inform policy priorities relating to equality and opportunity for people of African descent. That includes efforts to measure equality and access to and enjoyment of human rights. 59. The Working Group recognizes the diversity among people of African descent and the need for data that reflects that diversity, as well as the extreme vulnerabilities and qualitatively different experiences found at the intersections of race and gender, sexuality, disability and other areas. The Working Group embraces the intersectional priority to “reconceptualize race as a coalition”, as a key driver of access to and enjoyment of human rights and notes the particular suitability of disaggregated data to measure such access to human rights intersectionally. 60. The refusal by some States to collect and disaggregate data based on race and ethnicity is one of the most serious impediments to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals. Achieving the 2030 Goals and targets requires dismantling the structural and systemic barriers to sustainable development that exist for people of African descent in developing and developed countries. 61. Historical injustices have undeniably contributed to underdevelopment and economic disparities. Harrowing intergenerational poverty runs the risk of continuing unabated. Member States, United Nations agencies and international financial institutions should take into account the linkage between enslavement and colonialism that led to underdevelopment, including in development policies. 62. The Working Group concludes that, where data exists, it has helped highlight and address institutional racism and racial disparity. Data offers evidence that racism against people of African descent has been transformed rather than eliminated, presenting new and sometimes more subtle manifestations over time. 63. The Working Group notes with concern, as proven by available data, the lower return on investment that people of African descent experience from educational investments. 64. The Working Group notes the importance of linking data analyses to human rights and development policy priorities narrowly tailored to local realities. 65. The Working Group commends States that have begun recognizing and collecting disaggregated data on populations of African descent, across a wide range of socioeconomic indicators and over time, to facilitate nuanced analysis of interlinked factors. 66. The Working Group welcomes wide-ranging efforts to understand, explore and target entrenched racial disparities, like the Race Disparity Audit in the United 13