Many of these objectives were achieved by UNCT Nepal. Emphasizing the importance of addressing inequality and exclusion in Nepal, the CCA 2006 recommended that UN support to Nepal mainstream “the overcoming of gender inequality and social exclusion” across all priority areas of cooperation. Accordingly, the UNDAF for 2008-2010 took a two-pronged strategy to mainstream gender and social inclusion (GSI): integrating GSI issues in all its priority areas and keeping Human Rights, Gender Equality and Social Inclusion as a separate priority area as well to ensure that the UN supports programmes specifically targeted to women and socially excluded groups. Drawing from the UNDAF for 2008-2010, UNDP’s Country Programme Document (CPD) for the same three-year period focuses on peace and inclusive development. Bearing in mind the gender policy and the Government of Nepal’s emphasis on social inclusion, the CPD mainstreamed gender and social inclusion in the overall programme. The emphasis is on reaching out to women and other excluded groups so that they are socially and politically empowered and their access to resources and basic services will be significantly increased for better livelihoods. In addition, reform in policy and governance issues is also stressed in order to remove institutional barriers for women and excluded groups to benefit from development opportunities and peace dividends. The UNCT Nepal involved the CSOs in the UNDAF development process through consultation with organizations representing various ethnic groups as well as women’s groups (consultations with civil society stakeholders were not possible during the preparation of the CCA because of the security situation in Nepal at that time). The fourth pillar of Nepal’s UNDAF is on Human Rights, Gender Equality, and Social Inclusion. The working group that prepared this 76 pillar held consultations with various CSOs to share the preliminary draft of the outcomes and outputs matrix and sought their feedback. Civil society representatives also actively participated in the UNDAF workshop that defined the four focus areas. Civil society organizations that are already in partnership with UNDP were invited to the various cluster-based consultations (e.g. livelihoods, local governance and access to justice, disaster risk reduction) while developing the results and resources framework for the CPAP. In Brazil, the 2005 CCA includes a chapter on “Racial and Ethnic Discrimination: Reducing Exclusion and Vulnerability”, outlining the government’s weak responses to the effects of racism and discrimination. This contributed to the elaboration of UNDAF outcomes. It was clear that the key UNDAF outcome of ensuring that vulnerable persons enjoy the right to basic services would not be achieved without giving particular attention to issues of discrimination. In response, the UNDAF adopts a specific outcome aimed at reducing gender and racial/ethnic inequalities (see Box 13). A UNCT Theme Group on ‘Gender and Race’ was created and “will play a key role in monitoring the progress of outputs and activities under each related outcome and their annual reviews will also feed into the M&E process” (UNCT Brazil 2005, p. 14). Key Messages  Attention to minorities issues can be reflected in both the CCA and UNDAF  Theme groups on minorities can be established  Specific indicators for minorities can be adopted  Disaggregated data can inform the CCA/UNDAF and its monitoring M A R G I N A L I S E D M I N O R I T I E S I N D E V E LO P M E N T P R O G R A M M I N g