should ensure that members of national and ethnic minorities are not discriminated against in their access to the media and have the possibility of creating and using their own media in their own language. (CERD/C/TKM/CO/5, paragraph 15) Right to Non-discrimination: CERD has also addressed issues of discrimination in a variety of fields, including health and HIV (e.g. in 2006 in relation to South Africa): While acknowledging the State party’s programmes for the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS [in South Africa], the Committee is concerned at the high rate of HIV/AIDS among persons belonging to the most vulnerable ethnic groups (art. 5 (e)).The Committee recommends that the State party strengthen its programmes in the field of health, with particular attention to minorities, bearing in mind their disadvantaged situation resulting from poverty and lack of access to education, and encourages the State party to take further measures to combat HIV/AIDS. (CERD/C/ZAF/CO/3, paragraph 20) CEDAW has frequently recommended that States enact temporary special measures in order to eliminate discrimination against minority women in fields of political participation, education, employment and health (e.g. in 2005 in relation to Israel): The Committee encourages the State party to take sustained measures, including temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation 25, and to establish concrete goals and timetables so as to accelerate the increase in the representation of women, including Israeli Arab women, in elected and appointed bodies in all areas of public life …[and] to reduce the drop-out rates of Israeli Arab girls and increase the number of Israeli Arab women at institutions of higher education. The Committee requests the State party to take effective measures to eliminate discrimination against Bedouin women and to enhance respect for their human rights through effective and proactive measures, including temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation 25, in the fields of education, employment and health. (A/60/38(SUPP), paragraphs 252, 256 and 260). CEDAW has also expressed concerns about discrimination against women within minority communities, resulting from non-application of individual human rights law (e.g. in 2007 in relation to Greece): The Committee expresses concern about the non-application of the general law of Greece to the Muslim minority on matters of marriage and inheritance, as Muslim communities can choose to be governed by Sharia law. The Committee is concerned that this situation leads to discrimination against Muslim women, in contravention of the Greek Constitution and article 16 of the Convention. The Committee notes with concern the continuing phenomenon of early marriage and polygamy in the Muslim community notwithstanding the fact that they are in conflict with the Greek constitutional order and the Convention. The Committee urges the State party to increase efforts to raise the awareness of Muslim women of their rights and of remedies against violations, and to ensure that they benefit from the provisions of Greek law on marriage and inheritance. CEDAW/C/ GRC/CO/6 (paragraph 33 and 34) CAT has also frequently denounced racial violence and advocated stricter measures to deal with it (e.g. in 2007 in relation to Russia): The reported rise in violent attacks because of the race, ethnicity or identity of the victim, including forced evictions in the Kaliningrad area [of Russia], and the alleged absence of effective investigations into such crimes: the State party should ensure that all officials are instructed that racist or discriminatory attitudes will not be permitted or tolerated and that any official who is complicit in such attacks will be prosecuted and suspended from his/her post pending resolution of the case or, if there is a ANNEXES 185