Example of Causality Analysis: Minority girls and access to education Development challenge What is happening, to whom and where? Minority girls in rural areas are not enrolled in school, thus, the right to education for all is not fulfilled in violation of the ICESCR, CEDAW and the CRC, all ratified by the State. Initial question to ask: Why is this human right not being fulfilled? Immediate causes WHY? Parents are opposed to girls attending school due to distance of school from home, lack of reliable transportation and discrimination faced by minority girls at school. Curriculum does not give attention to cultural identity of the minority community and includes negative stereotypes of minorities. Teachers are not from the minority group and are not sensitive to discriminatory attitudes. School primarily attended by boys from majority groups. Initial question to ask: Why is this occurring? Underlying causes WHY? Schools are not built in minority areas so distances to school are great. Community lacks resources to revise curriculum. Teachers lack authority or will to change curriculum. Government has not monitored or prioritized access to education by minorities. Laws guaranteeing universal education are not implemented. Why is this occurring? Structural/Root-causes WHY? Lack of political will to improve minority girls’ enrolment is due to persistent pattern of discrimination against minorities and gender discrimination. Minority parents are concerned with preserving cultural identity and self-esteem for girls. Cultural values give more importance to the education of boys than of girls. Minorities are unable to access higher education for teacher training. Questions to begin to ask: What is the best entry point for UN intervention? Where will CP programmes be more effective and obtain results? Source: Adapted from UN Common Understanding Learning Resource Guide, p. 77. Once the HRBA causality analysis is completed, the following step is the identification of rightsholders, their main claims and the corresponding duty bearers and their specific obligations to respect protect and fulfill those claims. You also need to map out the legal framework and formal mandates as well as the relationship between rights holders and duty bearers. The capacity assessment maps out the gaps in their ability to claim and fulfill rights so they can be addressed with capacity building exercises during the implementation phase of the project. Objectives      To facilitate alignment of local development plans with national and international human rights commitments ratified by the country To identify relationships between rights holders and duty bearers within the area To identify specific responsibilities of local governments vis-à-vis citizens with regard to human rights. To identify capacity gaps with rights holders to claim rights and with duty bearers to fulfil rights To map out responsibilities of local and central government regarding human rights at the local level 126 M A R G I N A L I S E D M I N O R I T I E S I N D E V E LO P M E N T P R O G R A M M I N g