minority rights in line with similar proactive courses of action taken by neighbouring states. The project builds capacities of central and local government, NGOs and media on minority rights and provides them with the proper tools for mainstreaming minority issues in mechanisms of national and regional development planning. A comprehensive public information campaign serves to increase awareness about disadvantaged minorities. Based on intensive consultations and field visits, the project implements activities based on six key intervention goals:       Enhance Social Inclusion and Access of Minorities to Social Services; Support Community Participation to Address Development Priorities; Develop Capacities and Employable Skills; Mobilize Community Volunteer Health and Police Mediators; Promote Minority Issues and Implement the National Roma Strategy; and Advocacy on Minority Issues and Social Inclusion. UN Volunteers (UNV) interventions at the community level in regions with large minority populations are helping to building bridges between government and minority citizens as well as fostering a constructive dialogue within the communities and with external government and civil society stakeholders. The UNV project also raises awareness about disadvantaged minorities through a comprehensive public information campaign, supporting national media to foster mutual understanding and promote social inclusion. Advocacy activities promoted International Roma Day, celebrated Roma culture by bringing movies to poor communities, and involved the broadcast of a 15-minute documentary. Additional activities including free legal counselling and support, the raising of awareness on the values of registration particularly among young women and expecting mothers, and lobbying with relevant public authorities will be incorporated into the project. Among the tools created by the project are two manuals that could be adapted for other UNDP COs: a Training of Trainers Manual: Respecting the Rights of Vulnerable Minorities and Promoting Interculturalism in Albania (June 2006); and a manual on surveying, Conducting a SocioEconomic Survey on Roma Community in Albania (October 2007). UNDP Ukraine has used an area-based approach for its Crimean Integration and Development Programme (CIDP). An ‘area-based approach’ can also complement targeted and inclusive approaches. This can be particularly appropriate when minorities are territorially concentrated. An area-based approach can also stimulate cooperation between minority and majority groups within a region in designing and implementing development interventions, helping to increase social cohesion if managed effectively. An areabased approach can be defined as targeting specific geographical areas in a country, characterized by a particular development problem, in an integrated, inclusive, participatory and flexible manner.32 The CIDP was the main UNDP initiative aimed at promoting peace and stability in the Crimean peninsula where the Crimean Tatar minority is marginalised. The ‘Emergency’ stage (19952000) of the programme was designed in order to directly address the needs of formerly deported people. Although such an approach was justified by the extremely poor living conditions in which returnees lived, UNDP support was viewed by the rest of population of Crimea as unnecessarily selective given that many other For more detailed information on Area-Based Development, see the “UNDP/RBEC Area-Based Development Practitioners Workshop, Crimea, Ukraine, 29-31 October 2003, Main Outcomes”, which is available at UNDP Ukraine. 32 Chapter 5: Programming Opportunities and Relevant Strategies 85