A/CONF.189/PC.2/22 page 46 wider and, in addition to racial groups, covers ethnic groups; and that is liable also to concern other groups and minorities which are defined more particularly by cultural or religious characteristics. On this issue, see our study “Racial discrimination and religious discrimination: identification and measures” (A/CONF.189/PC.1/7, para. 26 f.). 68 In these provisions it is stipulated in particular that: “Education should promote understanding, tolerance, peace and friendly relations between the nations and all racial or religious groups”. 69 General Comment No. 13 dates from 8 December 1999 and No. 11, on article 14 of the Covenant, from 10 May 1999 (E/C.12/1999/4). Similarly, it was only in 1997 that the human rights bodies undertook, for the first time, an at least systematic and in-depth study of that right. 70 See, in this connection, the 1978 UNESCO Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudices (art. 3) and the World Declaration on Education for All (Jomtien, 1990) (art. I, para. 2). 71 Fatsah Ouguergouz, La Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peoples. Une approche juridique des droits de l’homme entre tradition et modernité, Paris, P.U.F. 1993, p. 125. Likewise, article XI, paragraph 2, of the African Charter for the Rights and Welfare of the Child (not yet in force) states that the object of education is, inter alia, “to preserve and strengthen traditional and positive African moral and cultural values”. 72 Report of the Consultation on the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance held in Bellagio, Italy, from 24 to 28 January 2000, A/CONF.189/PC.1/10, para. 9. 73 See, for example, article 4 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as articles 1, paragraph 4, and 2, paragraph 2, of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 1965. 74 See article 20, paragraph 2, of the 1965 Convention, which, while it reflects the general principle, drawn from customary law, whereby reservations incompatible with the object and purpose of a treaty are prohibited, goes still further: it quantifies incompatibility by giving the number of other States parties (two thirds) that must object, something which is relatively rare in international conventions. 75 Article 9 of the 1960 UNESCO Convention. 76 See, inter alia, the World Association for the School as an Instrument of Peace, “Strengthening regional and international mechanisms for better monitoring of the content of education” (HR/GVA/WCR/SEM.1/2000/WP.1, paras. 8 to 10), a document submitted to the expert seminar on remedies available to the victims of acts of racism and racial discrimination, held from 16 to 18 February 2000 in preparation for the World Conference against Racism. 77 Cited in the study mentioned in note 76 (HR/GVA/WCR/SEM.1/2000/WP.1, para. 9).