E/CN.4/2002/73/Add.2 page 79 261 See report of the Secretary-General on traditional or customary practices … (A/53/354, para. 24). 262 See, in the same vein, General Assembly resolution 52/99. 263 See report of CEDAW (A/54/38/Rev.1, para. 392). 264 See the example of Maghreb women, L’Express, No. 2586, 25-31 January 2001, pp. 48 ff. 265 See the study “Racial discrimination, religious intolerance and education” by the Special Rapporteur on religious intolerance (A/CONF.189/PC.2/22, paras. 115 ff.). 266 See preliminary report of the Special Rapporteur on traditional practices … (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/6, para. 42). 267 See Amnesty International, Pakistan: honour killing of girls and women, September 1999. 268 Ibid. 269 Several States have done so or are in process of doing so. See the examples of Uganda, Togo, Tanzania, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Djibouti, Ghana and Guinea (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/14, para. 39) and Nigeria (E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/17, para. 16). Some States where such practices are reportedly prevalent among certain immigrant communities have adopted measures to ban these practices. See the examples of Canada (A/53/354, paras. 42 and 45) and the United Kingdom (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/11, paras. 42 to 54). In the United States, female genital mutilation is considered a federal crime (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/10, para. 16). 270 On the subject, see Tomasevski (note 47 above). 271 See, for example, the work of NGOs in Ghana (A/53/354, para. 50). See also the website www.africaonline.com.ci/AfricaOnline/infos/ivs/2867SAV2.HTM. 272 See, for example, the work of UNFPA in the north of Uganda and that of the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) in Kenya (A/53/354, paras. 32 and 39). There are examples of successful experiments conducted in Kenya and Tanzania, with NGO assistance, to replace the ritual of female circumcision with an alternative rite of passage or excision-free initiation ceremony and an education and coming-of-age programme for girls (songs, dances, body awareness, health and sex education, self-esteem, etc.), enabling them to assume, in observance of tradition, their future roles as women without undergoing genital cutting (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/14, paras. 43 and 44). See also the website www.gtz.de/fgm/french/theme6.html. 273 This is true of the Mediterranean ritual of virginity testing, which has been circumvented by the displaying of a shirt impregnated with chicken’s blood. For this and other examples, see Emna Ben Miled (note 14 above), p. 97. 274 See report of CEDAW (A/54/38/Rev.1, para. 11).