E/CN.4/2002/73/Add.2 page 65 Degrading Treatment or Punishment (see Council of Europe recommendation 1371 (1998), document 8041, “Abuse and neglect of children”; see also the website www.senat.fr/rap/r98436/r98-43630.html). 85 See, in this connection, Mutoy Mubiala, “Le projet de protocole à la Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples relatif aux droits de la femme en Afrique”, Human Rights, Special Issue on Women’s Rights - Spring 2000, A Review of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, p. 23. The full text of the final version of the draft protocol appears in an OAU document (CAB/LEG/66.6, 13 September 2000). 86 The draft protocol refers to binding international instruments (the Women’s Convention, the two international covenants of 1966, etc.) and to instruments that require or advocate the adoption of specific measures aimed at improving women’s status: the plans of action adopted by the United Nations conferences on the environment (1992), on human rights (1993), on population (1994) and on women (1995). See Mubiala, loc. cit., p. 25. 87 See report of CEDAW, consideration of the reports of Algeria (A/54/38/Rev.1, paras. 71 to 73) and Kyrgyzstan (A/54/38/Rev.1, paras. 112 and 121). 88 General recommendation No. 3 (HRI/GEN/1/Rev.3, p. 118). 89 The example of article 41, paragraph 2, of the Irish Constitution is noteworthy and could, as stated by the Human Rights Committee, perpetuate traditional attitudes towards women: “The State recognizes that by her life within the home a woman gives to the State a support without which the common good cannot be achieved. The State shall, therefore, endeavour to ensure that mothers shall not be obliged by economic necessity to engage in labour to the neglect of their duties in the home” (emphasis added) (A/55/40, vol. I, para. 441). 90 This is the definition given to the concept of machismo which has developed in countries of Iberian culture. 91 See reports of CEDAW, consideration of the reports of Liechtenstein (A/54/38/Rev.1, para. 157), Spain (A/54/38/Rev.1, para. 257), Germany (A/55/38 (Part I), para. 313) and Luxembourg (A/55/38 (Part I), paras. 406 and 408). 92 See report of CEDAW, consideration of the report of Ireland (A/54/38/Rev.1, paras. 179, 180, 193 and 194). 93 94 Ibid., consideration of the report of Nepal (paras. 120 and 135). See surah 2, verse 228 in fine: “Women have similar rights and duties in marriage in a just manner; men are a degree above them” [Les femmes ont autant de droits que de devoirs dans le mariage, en toute honnêteté; une certaine prééminence demeure acquise aux hommes] (French translation by Sadok Mazigh, Les éditions du Jaguar, Paris, 1985); other translations into French use the terms “préférence” or “prédominance” or “préséance”, rather than “prééminence”. See also surah 4, verse 34: “Men take care of the affairs of women because Allah has favoured men and for that they support them from their means …. As for those women from whom you fear ill conduct, admonish them and banish them from your bed and scourge them if need be” [Aux