E/CN.4/1999/15 page 19 proceedings and in State bodies and organizations which perform public functions; lastly, the right to education and public information in their mother tongue. The constitutions of the member republics contain similar provisions. Under the Penal Code of the Republic of Serbia (art. 61) and the Penal Code of the Republic of Montenegro (art. 43, para. 2), anyone who denies or restricts citizens’ right to use their mother tongue in spoken and written form is liable to a prison term of up to one year. III. CONTEMPORARY MANIFESTATIONS OF RACISM, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, XENOPHOBIA AND RELATED INTOLERANCE A. Activities of the far right and neo-Nazi movements 74. The association S.O.S. Racismo of Portugal has provided the Special Rapporteur with documents indicating a resurgence of activity by far right organizations in Portugal. 2 Africans and Gypsies are the main victims of this situation. The Extreme right in Portugal is characterized by skinhead groups and self-formed citizen militias. The militias are usually formed with the aim of stopping drug-trafficking in certain neighbourhoods, but often result in the expulsion of the Roma populations, who are seen to be the main source of drugs in these neighbourhoods, although they are often completely innocent. The skinhead movement started in 1985 in Portugal, but has really started to gain adherents during the 1990s. The main organ responsible for coordinating skinhead activities, which are split among various groups throughout the country, is the national organization/political party, Movimento de Acçao Nacional (MAN). Additionally, MAN is in communication with several similar groups in other countries: the Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), the Nouveau Front in Switzerland, the National Front in the United Kingdom, the Third Position in Italy, and the Phalange in Spain. These organizations generally focus their hatred and violence on immigrant populations from Africa, and on the Roma and the Jewish populations. In total, 32 different skinhead organizations have been identified in Portugal. B. Discrimination against Blacks (negrophobia) 75. According to the organization Espacio Afroamericano de Colombia, cases of discrimination have been reported in the Choco region of Colombia, along the Pacific coast. An Afro-Colombian leader whom the Special Rapporteur met when he visited Colombia in 1996, Mr. Francisco Hurtado, was murdered on 16 February 1998, one of a number of acts of violence committed by paramilitary units. Paramilitary organizations working together with the local authorities are allegedly suspected of seeking to recover land given to the Afro-Colombians under “Act No. 70/93”. 76. In his preceding reports to the Commission and General Assembly (A/51/301, paras. 34 and 35; E/CN.4/1997/71, para. 125), the Special Rapporteur referred to alleged racial discrimination against the Falashas, or Ethiopian Jews, in Israel. One indication of that situation was the revelation in January 1996 of the fact that blood donated by members of the Falasha community for transfusions had, without the donors' knowledge, been put aside to be destroyed on the ground that it might be AIDS-infected. The Israeli Government promised to provide the Special Rapporteur with the results of an inquiry conducted by the commission established in response to the